Autismus und ADHS - Gibt es Gemeinsamkeiten?

Zusammenfassung

Einleitung: Genetische, neuropsychologische und psychopathologische Befunde weisen auf einen Zusammenhang von autistischen Störungen und Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätssyndrom (ADHS) hin, die, obwohl sie nosologisch unterschiedliche Diagnosen abbilden, teilweise gleiche Symptome, v. a. Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen aufweisen. Methodik: Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über genetische, morphologische, neurophysiologische und neuropsychologische Gemeinsamkeiten bei ADHS und autistischen Störungen. Außerdem werden Befunde zur medikamentösen Behandlung der Störungsbilder und deren Verlauf im Erwachsenenalter beschrieben. Ergebnisse: Hinsichtlich genetischer Ursachen werden gemeinsame Kandidatenregionen diskutiert. Morphologisch ergeben sich klare Hinweise auf gleiche, aber nicht gleichermaßen betroffene Hirnregionen bzw. funktionale Systeme. Neuropsychologisch lässt sich dies nicht abbilden. Bisher ergeben sich kontroverse Ergebnisse an gemeinsamen Stichproben. Schlussfolgerung: Bislang liegen nur wenige Studien zu Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen bei Autismus und ADHS an gemeinsamen Stichproben vor. Im Hinblick auf Diagnostik und Therapie sind Untersuchungen zur Ätiologie der Aufmerksamkeitsstörung von ADHS und Autismus notwendig.

Abstract

Introduction: Genetic, neuropsychological and psychopathological findings refer to a connection of autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although the disorders represent different nosological diagnoses they partly include similar symptoms like hyperactivity, impulsivity and attention deficit disorder. Methods: This paper gives an overview of genetic, morphological, neurophysiological and -psychological studies concerning ADHD and autism. In addition, results concerning pharmacotherapy and the development of both disorders in adulthood are described. Results: With regard to genetics, common candidate regions are discussed. Under a morphological perspective, results on the one hand point out identical brain regions or functional systems but on the other hand underline that these regions are not equally affected. The morphological results could not be replicated on a neuropsychological basis. So far findings of studies which involved combined ADHD- and autistic samples lead to controversal results. Conclusion: At present, there exist only few studies which include the issue of attention disorders in autism and ADHD in a same sample. With regard to diagnosis and therapeutical interventions, further research concerning the etiology of both disorders is necessary.

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