Psychological factors in oral mucosal and orofacial pain conditions

ABSTRACT

The psychological aspects of chronic pain conditions represent a key component of the pain experience, and orofacial pain conditions are not an exception. In this review, we highlight how psychological factors affect some common oral mucosal and orofacial pain conditions (namely, oral lichen planus, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, burning mouth syndrome, and temporomandibular disorders) with emphasis on the significance of supplementing classical biomedical treatment modalities with appropriate psychological counseling to improve treatment outcomes in targeted patients. A literature search restricted to reports with highest relevance to the selected mucosal and orofacial pain conditions was carried out to retrieve data.

Key words:

Oral mucosa - orofacial pain - psychology - psychosocial

• REFERENCES

• 1 Merrill RL. Central mechanisms of orofacial pain. Dent Clin North Am 2007; 51: 45-59, v
• 2 Auvenshine RC. Temporomandibular disorders: Associated features. Dent Clin North Am 2007; 51: 105-27, vi
• 3 Auvenshine RC. Acute vs. chronic pain. Tex Dent J 2000; 117: 14-20
• 4 Okeson JP. The classification of orofacial pains. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2008; 20: 133-44, v
• 5 Carlson CR. Psychological considerations for chronic orofacial pain. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2008; 20: 185-95, vi
• 6 Chiappelli F, Cajulis OS. Psychobiologic views on stress-related oral ulcers. Quintessence Int 2004; 35: 223-7
• 7 Hargreaves KM. Orofacial pain. Pain 2011; 152 (Suppl. 03) S25-32
• 8 Macfarlane TV, Kincey J, Worthington HV. The association between psychological factors and oro-facial pain: A community-based study. Eur J Pain 2002; 6: 427-34
• 9 McNeil DW, Au AR, Zvolensky MJ, McKee DR, Klineberg IJ, Ho CC. Fear of pain in orofacial pain patients. Pain 2001; 89: 245-52
• 10 Nagarajappa AK, Bhasin N, Reddy S. The association between psychological factors and orofacial pain and its effect on quality of life: A hospital based study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9: ZC39-43
• 11 Forssell H, Kotiranta U, Kauko T, Suvinen T. Explanatory models of illness and treatment goals in temporomandibular disorder pain patients reporting different levels of pain-related disability. J Oral Facial Pain Headache 2016; 30: 14-20
• 12 Carlson CR, Bertrand PM, Ehrlich AD, Maxwell AW, Burton RG. Physical self-regulation training for the management of temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain 2001; 15: 47-55
• 13 Dworkin SF, Turner JA, Wilson L, Massoth D, Whitney C, Huggins KH. et al. Brief group cognitive-behavioral intervention for temporomandibular disorders. Pain 1994; 59: 175-87
• 14 Orlando B, Manfredini D, Salvetti G, Bosco M. Evaluation of the effectiveness of biobehavioral therapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders: A literature review. Behav Med 2007; 33: 101-18
• 15 Patton LL, Siegel MA, Benoliel R, De Laat A. Management of burning mouth syndrome: Systematic review and management recommendations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007; 103 S (Suppl. 39) e1-13
• 16 Zakrzewska JM, Forssell H, Glenny AM. Interventions for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review. J Orofac Pain 2003; 17: 293-300
• 17 Silvestre FJ, Silvestre-Rangil J, López-Jornet P. Burning mouth syndrome: A review and update. Rev Neurol 2015; 60: 457-63
• 18 Peters S, Goldthorpe J, McElroy C, King E, Javidi H, Tickle M. et al. Managing chronic orofacial pain: A qualitative study of patients', doctors', and dentists' experiences. Br J Health Psychol 2015; 20: 777-91
• 19 Aggarwal VR, Lovell K, Peters S, Javidi H, Joughin A, Goldthorpe J. Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 11: CD008456
• 20 Hegarty AM, Zakrzewska JM. Differential diagnosis for orofacial pain, including sinusitis, TMD, trigeminal neuralgia. Dent Update 2011; 38: 396-400, 402-3, 405-6
• 21 Ismail SB, Kumar SK, Zain RB. Oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions: Etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management and malignant transformation. J Oral Sci 2007; 49: 89-106
• 22 Parashar P. Oral lichen planus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2011; 44: 89-107, vi
• 23 Jurge S, Kuffer R, Scully C, Porter SR. Mucosal disease series. Number VI. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Dis 2006; 12: 1-21
• 24 Soto Araya M, Rojas Alcayaga G, Esguep A. Association between psychological disorders and the presence of Oral lichen planus, Burning mouth syndrome and Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Med Oral 2004; 9: 1-7
• 25 Okumus O, Kalkan S, Keser G, Pekiner FN. Awareness assessment in Turkish subpopulation with chronic oral mucosal diseases. Eur J Dent 2015; 9: 564-72
• 26 Chaudhary S. Psychosocial stressors in oral lichen planus. Aust Dent J 2004; 49: 192-5
• 27 Rojo-Moreno JL, Bagán JV, Rojo-Moreno J, Donat JS, Milián MA, Jiménez Y. Psychologic factors and oral lichen planus. A psychometric evaluation of 100 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998; 86: 687-91
• 28 Burkhart NW, Burkes EJ, Burker EJ. Meeting the educational needs of patients with oral lichen planus. Gen Dent 1997; 45: 126-32
• 29 Prolo P, Chiappelli F, Cajulis E, Bauer J, Spackman S, Romeo H. et al. Psychoneuroimmunology in oral biology and medicine: The model of oral lichen planus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 966: 429-40
• 30 Lutgendorf SK, Costanzo ES. Psychoneuroimmunology and health psychology: An integrative model. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17: 225-32
• 31 Pedersen A. Psychologic stress and recurrent aphthous ulceration. J Oral Pathol Med 1989; 18: 119-22
• 32 Scully C, Felix DH. Oral medicine – Update for the dental practitioner. Aphthous and other common ulcers. Br Dent J 2005; 199: 259-64
• 33 Huling LB, Baccaglini L, Choquette L, Feinn RS, Lalla RV. Effect of stressful life events on the onset and duration of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 41: 149-52
• 34 Albanidou-Farmaki E, Poulopoulos AK, Epivatianos A, Farmakis K, Karamouzis M, Antoniades D. Increased anxiety level and high salivary and serum cortisol concentrations in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Tohoku J Exp Med 2008; 214: 291-6
• 35 McCartan BE, Lamey PJ, Wallace AM. Salivary cortisol and anxiety in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Oral Pathol Med 1996; 25: 357-9
• 36 Caglayan F, Miloglu O, Altun O, Erel O, Yilmaz AB. Oxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels in saliva of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Dis 2008; 14: 700-4
• 37 Miller AH. Neuroendocrine and immune system interactions in stress and depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1998; 21: 443-63
• 38 de Souza FT, Teixeira AL, Amaral TM, dos Santos TP, Abreu MH, Silva TA. et al. Psychiatric disorders in burning mouth syndrome. J Psychosom Res 2012; 72: 142-6
• 39 Bogetto F, Maina G, Ferro G, Carbone M, Gandolfo S. Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Psychosom Med 1998; 60: 378-85
• 40 Al Quran FA. Psychological profile in burning mouth syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004; 97: 339-44
• 41 Fricton J. Myogenous temporomandibular disorders: Diagnostic and management considerations. Dent Clin North Am 2007; 51: 61-83, vi
• 42 Okeson JP, de Leeuw R. Differential diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders and other orofacial pain disorders. Dent Clin North Am 2011; 55: 105-20
• 43 Selaimen CM, Jeronymo JC, Brilhante DP, Grossi ML. Sleep and depression as risk indicators for temporomandibular disorders in a cross-cultural perspective: A case-control study. Int J Prosthodont 2006; 19: 154-61
• 44 Rai S, Ranjan V, Misra D, Panjwani S. Management of myofascial pain by therapeutic ultrasound and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: A comparative study. Eur J Dent 2016; 10: 46-53
• 45 Michelotti A, Martina R, Russo M, Romeo R. Personality characteristics of temporomandibular disorder patients using M.M.P.I. Cranio 1998; 16: 119-25
• 46 Marbach JJ, Lund P. Depression, anhedonia and anxiety in temporomandibular joint and other facial pain syndromes. Pain 1981; 11: 73-84
• 47 Celic R, Braut V, Petricevic N. Influence of depression and somatization on acute and chronic orofacial pain in patients with single or multiple TMD diagnoses. Coll Antropol 2011; 35: 709-13
• 48 Manfredini D, Winocur E, Ahlberg J, Guarda-Nardini L, Lobbezoo F. Psychosocial impairment in temporomandibular disorders patients. RDC/TMD axis II findings from a multicentre study. J Dent 2010; 38: 765-72
• 49 Dworkin SF, Huggins KH, Wilson L, Mancl L, Turner J, Massoth D. et al. A randomized clinical trial using research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders-axis II to target clinic cases for a tailored self-care TMD treatment program. J Orofac Pain 2002; 16: 48-63
• 50 Morishige E, Ishigaki S, Yatani H, Hirokawa M. Clinical effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy in the management of TMD. Int J Prosthodont 2006; 19: 31-3