Abstract
Background and study aims Carbon dioxide (CO2) is being increasingly used for insufflation during endoscopy for safety and better
tolerance. The role of CO2 during endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has not been studied yet. Our main aim was
to compare the effects of CO2 vs. air insufflation on abdominal discomfort in patients undergoing EUS. Our secondary
outcomes were to ascertain the effects of CO2 insufflation on image quality/visual artifacts and on the amount of sedation.
Patients and methods This was a prospective, controlled, single-blind, observational study. Abdominal
discomfort was assessed before diagnostic EUS, and 1 and 3 hours post-procedure and
recorded as a visual analogue scale. Image quality was also recorded as a 4-point
scale from optimal to poor at four different scanning sites (esophagus, stomach, duodenal
bulb and second portion).
Results A total of 198 patients were enrolled. We observed that CO2 resulted in less abdominal discomfort than air insufflation that was statistically
significant at 3 hours (P = 0.048) but not at 1 hour after EUS (P = 0.112), probably due to the ongoing effects of sedation at the latter stage. On
the other hand, no differences were found in the dose of sedation administered in
the two groups. Image quality was significantly better in the CO2 group compared to the air group at all four different scanning sites (P < 0.01). Similarly, CO2 correlated with less visual artifacts and need of suction (P < 0.01).
Conclusions Similarly to previous findings with other endoscopic procedures, EUS was associated
with improved scores for abdominal discomfort with CO2 rather than air insufflation. Moreover, overall EUS image quality was improved using
CO2 insufflation. Future studies are warranted to ascertain whether CO2 insufflation should be regarded as the standard of care for diagnostic EUS.
