Die implizite Selbstregulation am Beispiel des Essverhaltens: Konsequenzen für die Psychotherapie

Zusammenfassung

Explizite Prozesse der Selbstregulation sind mit Introspektion und Einsicht verbunden und werden deswegen häufig als mühevoll erlebt, während implizite Prozesse der Steuerung des Selbst automatisiert, schnell und mühelos ablaufen. Allerdings ist Selbstregulation nicht stets entweder explizit oder implizit; alle Varianten zwischen völlig automatisiert bis hin zu völlig kontrolliert sind vorhanden. Implizite Prozesse sind im Vergleich zu expliziten Prozessen enger mit verkörperten, affektnahen -im Gegensatz zu kognitiven, verbalisierbaren- Erfahrungen verbunden, sodass es denkbar ist, dass zur Ermittlung impliziten Erlebens Methoden zum Einsatz kommen, die den Körper miteinbeziehen bzw. den Körper in einen Zustand überführen, in dem die Wahrnehmung impliziten Geschehens ermöglicht werden kann. Zudem besteht in der Psychotherapie die Notwendigkeit für die Implementierung von neurobiologisch begründeten Methoden, die auf einer impliziten, prä-verbalen Ebene ansetzen. Einige Paradigmen dazu, u. a. der sogenannte approach-avoidance task (AAT) zur Erfassung impliziter Handlungsregulation sind bereits in Erprobung. Derartige Paradigmen werden hier am Beispiel der Regulation des Essverhaltens vorgestellt. Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine narrative (qualitative) Übersicht, die das Ziel verfolgt, über Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Forschung zu impliziten Bias und die Entwicklung von neuartigen, noch experimentell eingesetzten Instrumenten im Rahmen künftiger psychotherapeutischer Behandlungen zu informieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Auswahl von relevanten Studien nach subjektiven Kriterien der Autoren getroffen. Es handelt sich somit nicht um eine lückenlose Darstellung der Studienlage zu impliziten Bias im Sinne eines systematischen Reviews.

Abstract

Explicit processes of self-regulation require insight and control during implementation and are therefore often experienced as being strenuous, while implicit processes of steering behavior are automatic, rapid and effortless. However, self-regulation is not always either explicit or implicit; all variants ranging from those that are entirely automatic to those being entirely under control are present. As individuals are not aware of their underlying implicit modes of self-regulation, it is necessary to create an approach that is proximal to affective processing, by-passing the cognitive, verbal level. Promising approaches of this kind are such including embodied experiences or such shifting the body to a state, in which the apperception of implicit mechanisms is facilitated. Given that therapeutic work of self-regulation is in many cases carried out on an explicit level of processing, the need for novel, neurobiologically founded strategies intervening on the implicit (pre-verbal) level are called for. Correspondent paradigms, e. g. the approach-avoidance task (AAT) for the assessment of implicit processes are presented here with regard to food-intake regulation. This work is a narrative (qualitative) review aiming at illustrating the field of implicit bias research as well as the development of new implicit bias training paradigms to be used as add-on in future psychotherapeutic treatments. Therefore, a selection of relevant studies based on subjective criteria was made. Thus, this work is not a systematic review and does not claim to be an exhaustive description of studies of this kind.

Schlüsselwörter

implizit - explizit - Psychotherapie - Essstörung - approach-avoidance task

Key words

implicit - explicit - psychotherapy - eating disorder - approach-avoidance task

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