pferde spiegel 2019; 22(04): 179-190
DOI: 10.1055/a-0984-1331
CVE-Fortbildung
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Equines Metabolisches Syndrom – Was gibt es Neues?

Tobias Warnken
,
Karsten Feige
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
12 December 2019 (online)

Das Equine Metabolische Syndrom gehört zu den wichtigsten hormonell bedingten Erkrankungen und ist nicht immer ganz einfach zu diagnostizieren. Gerade im frühen Stadium kann das klinische Bild vielfältig sein, sodass der Diagnostik eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt. Wir informieren Sie über relevante Testprotokolle sowie die Bedeutung von Fütterung und Management.

 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Argo CM, Dugdale AHA, Mcgowan CM. Considerations for the use of restricted, soaked grass hay diets to promote weight loss in the management of equine metabolic syndrome and obesity. Vet J 2015; 2: 170-177
  • 2 Asplin KE, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC, Mcgowan CM. Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies. Vet J 2007; 3: 530-535
  • 3 Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Magnesium metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Archives Biochem and Biophys 2007; 1: 40-47
  • 4 Bertin FR, De Laat MA. The diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation. Equine Vet J 2017; 5: 570-576
  • 5 Bertin FR, Sojka-Kritchevsky JE. Comparison of a 2-step insulin-response test to conventional insulin-sensitivity testing in horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2013; 1: 19-25
  • 6 Caltabilota TJ, Earl LR, Thompson Jr DL, Clavier SE, Mitcham PB. Hyperleptinemia in mares and geldings: assessment of insulin sensitivity from glucose responses to insulin injection. J Anim Sci 2010; 9: 2940-2949
  • 7 Carslake HB, Argo CMG, Pinchbeck GL, Dugdale AHA, Mcgowan CM. Insulinaemic and glycaemic responses to three forages in ponies. Vet J 2018; 83-89
  • 8 Carslake HB, Pinchbeck GL, Mcgowan CM. Evaluation of a Chemiluminescent Immunoassay for Measurement of Equine Insulin. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 2: 568-574
  • 9 Carter RA, Treiber KH, Geor RJ, Douglass L, Harris PA. Prediction of incipient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and generalised and localised obesity in a cohort of ponies. Equine Vet J 2009; 2: 171-178
  • 10 Chameroy K, Frank N, Elliott SB. Effects of Levothyroxine Sodium on Body Condition, Blood Measures of Metabolic Status, and Glucose Dynamics in Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome (Ems). J Vet Intern Med 2010; 3: 780-780
  • 11 Chameroy KA, Frank N, Elliott SB, Boston RC. Effects of a supplement containing chromium and magnesium on morphometric measurements, resting glucose, insulin concentrations and insulin sensitivity in laminitic obese horses. Equine Vet J 2011; 4: 494-499
  • 12 Corica F, Corsonello A, Ientile R, Cucinotta D, Di Benedetto A, Perticone F, Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M. Serum ionized magnesium levels in relation to metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients. J Am Coll Nutrit 2006; 3: 210-215
  • 13 De Laat MA, Hampson BA, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC. Sustained, Low-Intensity Exercise Achieved by a Dynamic Feeding System Decreases Body Fat in Ponies. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 5: 1732-1738
  • 14 De Laat MA, Mcgowan CM, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis: induced by 48 h hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses. Equine Vet J 2010; 2: 129-135
  • 15 De Laat MA, Mcgree JM, Sillence MN. Equine hyperinsulinemia: investigation of the enteroinsular axis during insulin dysregulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2016; 1: E61-72
  • 16 De Laat MA, Van Haeften JJ, Sillence MN. The effect of oral and intravenous dextrose on C-peptide secretion in ponies. J Anim Sci 2016; 2: 574-580
  • 17 Divers TJ. Endocrine Testing in Horses: Metabolic Syndrome and Cushingʼs Disease. J Equine Vet Sci 2008; 5: 315-316
  • 18 Durham AE, Frank N, Mcgowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I, Feige K, Fey K. ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33 (02) 335-349
  • 19 Earl LR, Thompson DL, Mitcham PB. Factors Affecting the Glucose Response to Insulin Injection in Mares: Epinephrine, Short- and Long-Term Prior Feed Intake, Cinnamon Extract, and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation. J Equine Vet Sci 2012; 1: 15-21
  • 20 Eiler H, Frank N, Andrews FM, Oliver JW, Fecteau KA. Physiologic assessment of blood glucose homeostasis via combined intravenous glucose and insulin testing in horses. Am J Vet Res 2005; 9: 1598-1604
  • 21 Firshman AM, Valberg SJ. Factors affecting clinical assessment of insulin sensitivity in horses. Equine Vet J 2007; 6: 567-575
  • 22 Frank N. Equine metabolic syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011; 1: 73-92
  • 23 Frank N. Safety and efficacy of canagliflozin and octreotide for managing insulin dysregulation in horses (Abstract RRE09). Proceedings of the ACVIM Forum, Seattle, WA 2018: 2129.
  • 24 Frank N, Buchanan BR, Elliott SB. Effects of long-term oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on serum thyroid hormone concentrations, clinicopathologic variables, and echocardiographic measurements in healthy adult horses. Am J Vet Res 2008; 1: 68-75
  • 25 Frank N, Geor R. Current best practice in clinical management of equine endocrine patients. Equine Vet Educ 2014; 1: 6-9
  • 26 Frank N, Sommardahl CS, Eiler H, Webb LL, Denhart JW, Boston RC. Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-low-density lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares. Am J Vet Res 2005; 6: 1032-1038
  • 27 Guerrero-Romero F, Rodriguez-Moran M. Oral magnesium supplementation: An adjuvant alternative to facing the worldwide challenge of type 2 diabetes?. Cirugia Y Cirujanos, 2014; 3: 282-289
  • 28 Hustace JL, Firshman AM, Mata JE. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of metformin in horses. Am J Vet Res 2009; 5: 665-668
  • 29 Jarvill-Taylor KJ, Anderson RA, Graves DJ. A hydroxychalcone derived from cinnamon functions as a mimetic for insulin in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. J Am Coll Nutrit 2001; 4: 327-336
  • 30 Jocelyn NA, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ. Effect of varying the dose of corn syrup on the insulin and glucose response to the oral sugar test. Equine Vet J 2018; 50 (06) 836-841
  • 31 Johnson PJ. The equine metabolic syndrome peripheral Cushingʼs syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002; 2: 271-293
  • 32 Karikoski NP, Horn I, Mcgowan TW, Mcgowan CM. The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first-opinion/referral equine hospital. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 3: 111-117
  • 33 Kenez A, Warnken T, Feige K, Huber K. Lower plasma trans-4-hydroxyproline and methionine sulfoxide levels are associated with insulin dysregulation in horses. BMC Vet Res 2018; 1: 146
  • 34 Legere RM, Ruffin-Taylor D, Bello K, Parker C, Judd RL, Wooldridge AA. Pioglitazone in equids increases high‐molecular‐weight adiponectin concentrations and decreases insulin response after oral sugar (Abstract E10). Proceedings of the ACVIM Forum, Seattle, WA 2018: 507.
  • 35 Manfredi JM. Identifying breed differences in insulin dynamics, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue histology and biology [Diss. vet. Med.]. 2016
  • 36 McGowan CM, Dugdale AH, Pinchbeck GL, Argo CM. Dietary restriction in combination with a nutraceutical supplement for the management of equine metabolic syndrome in horses. Vet J 2013; 2: 153-159
  • 37 Meier A, De Laat M, Reiche D, Fitzgerald D, Sillence M. The efficacy and safety of velagliflozin over 16 weeks as a treatment for insulin dysregulation in ponies. BMC Vet Res 2019; 1: 65
  • 38 Meier A, Reiche D, De Laat M, Pollitt C, Walsh D, Sillence M. The sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor velagliflozin reduces hyperinsulinemia and prevents laminitis in insulin-dysregulated ponies. PLoS One 2018; 9: e0203655
  • 39 Meier AD, De Laat MA, Reiche DB, Pollitt CC, Walsh DM, Mcgree JM, Sillence MN. The oral glucose test predicts laminitis risk in ponies fed a diet high in nonstructural carbohydrates. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017; 1-9
  • 40 Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, Elliott J. Prospective cohort study evaluating risk factors for the development of pasture-associated laminitis in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet J 2017; 3: 300-306
  • 41 Menzies-Gow NJ, Wray H, Bailey SR, Harris PA, Elliott J. The effect of exercise on plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in normal and previously laminitic ponies. Equine Vet J 2014; 3: 317-321
  • 42 Mooren FC, Kruger K, Volker K, Golf SW, Wadepuhl M, Kraus A. Oral magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects – a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metabol, 2011; 3: 281-284
  • 43 Powell DM, Reedy SE, Sessions DR, Fitzgerald BP. Effect of short-term exercise training on insulin sensitivity in obese and lean mares. Equine Vet J 2002; S34: 81-84
  • 44 Ralston SL. Insulin and glucose regulation. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 2002; 2: 295-304 vii
  • 45 Rendle DI, Rutledge F, Hughes KJ, Heller J, Durham AE. Effects of metformin hydrochloride on blood glucose and insulin responses to oral dextrose in horses. Equine Vet J 2013; 6: 751-754
  • 46 Respondek F, Goachet AG, Julliand V. Effects of dietary short-chain fructooligosaccharides on the intestinal microflora of horses subjected to a sudden change in diet. J Anim Sci 2008; 2: 316-323
  • 47 Respondek F, Myers K, Smith TL, Wagner A, Geor RJ. Dietary supplementation with short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides improves insulin sensitivity in obese horses. J Anim Sci 2011; 1: 77-83
  • 48 Sakar Y, Meddah B, Faouzi MA, Cherrah Y, Bado A, Ducroc R. Metformin-Induced Regulation of the Intestinal D-Glucose Transporters. J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 3: 301-307
  • 49 Schuver A, Frank N, Chameroy KA, Elliott SB. Assessment of Insulin and Glucose Dynamics by Using an Oral Sugar Test in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014; 4: 465-470
  • 50 Song YQ, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu SM. Dietary magnesium intake in relation to plasma insulin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2004; 1: 59-65
  • 51 Suagee JK, Corl BA, Wearn JG, Crisman MV, Hulver MW, Geor RJ, Mccutcheon LJ. Effects of the insulin-sensitizing drug pioglitazone and lipopolysaccharide administration on insulin sensitivity in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 2: 356-364
  • 52 Tinworth KD, Edwards S, Noble GK, Harris PA, Sillence MN, Hackett LP. Pharmacokinetics of metformin after enteral administration in insulin-resistant ponies. Am J Vet Res 2010; 10: 1201-1206
  • 53 Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, Byrd BM, Splan RK, Staniar WB. Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 2006; 10: 1538-1545
  • 54 Warnken T, Delarocque J, Schumacher S, Huber K, Feige K. Retrospective analysis of insulin responses to standard dosed oral glucose tests (OGTs) via naso-gastric tubing towards definition of an objective cut-off value. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2018; 1: 4
  • 55 Warnken T, Huber K, Feige K. Comparison of three different methods for the quantification of equine insulin. BMC Vet Res 2016; 1: 196
  • 56 Warnken TR, Huber K, Feige K. Comparison of endocrine and metabolic responses to oral glucose test and combined glucose-insulin tests in horses. Pferdeheilk 2018; 34: 316-326
  • 57 Wearn JM, Crisman MV, Davis JL, Geor RJ, Hodgson DR, Suagee JK, Ashraf-Khorassani M, Mccutcheon LJ. Pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone after multiple oral dose administration in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 3: 252-258
  • 58 Zhou G, Myers R, Li Y, Chen Y, Shen X, Fenyk-Melody J, Wu M, Ventre J, Doebber T, Fujii N, Musi N, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ, Moller DE. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. J Clin Invest 2001; 8: 1167-1174