Prolongiertes Weaning^[*]

Zusammenfassung

Beatmungstherapie stellt einen zentralen und wesentlichen Bestandteil der modernen Intensivmedizin dar. Sie kommt bei Patienten mit schwerer respiratorischer Insuffizienz infolge Versagens der muskulären Atempumpe oder bei direkter oder indirekter Schädigung des Lungenparenchyms mit nachfolgendem Oxygenierungsversagen zum Einsatz, wenn mit anderen nicht-medikamentösen Maßnahmen, Sauerstoffgabe, Sekretmobilisation, kontinuierlicher positiver Atemwegsdruck – Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) oder Nasal-High-Flow-Therapie, keine ausreichende Stabilisierung erreicht werden kann.

Die maschinelle Beatmung dient der direkten Behandlung der Atmungsinsuffizienz und schafft Zeit für die Behandlung der zugrundeliegenden Ursache. Der überwiegende Anteil beatmeter Patienten kann nach kurzzeitiger Beatmungstherapie und kausaler Behandlung unproblematisch von der Beatmung entwöhnt werden. Allerdings muss die Beatmung bei ca. 20 % der Patienten auch noch dann fortgesetzt werden, wenn die ursprüngliche Indikation (z. B. eine schwere Pneumonie) längst behoben ist, sodass sich die Phase des Weanings (Entwöhnung von der maschinellen Beatmung) deutlich verlängert. Ungefähr 40 – 50 % der gesamten Beatmungszeit eines Intensivpatienten entfallen aufgrund einer prolongierten Atmungsinsuffizienz auf den Prozess, den Patienten von der Beatmung zu trennen. Neben der respiratorischen Funktionsstörung tragen häufig hohes Alter und Komorbiditäten der Patienten zum prolongierten Weaning-Prozess bei.

Nach internationalem Konsens liegt ein prolongiertes Weaning dann vor, wenn es erst nach 3 erfolglosen Spontanatmungsversuchen (spontaneous breathing trial = SBT) oder nach über 7 Tagen Beatmung nach dem ersten erfolglosen SBT gelingt, den Patienten von der Beatmung zu trennen.

Das Patientenkollektiv mit prolongiertem Weaning stellt das behandelnde Team vor eine besondere Herausforderung. Ganz wesentlich für den Therapieerfolg ist die eng verzahnte interdisziplinäre Behandlung der Patienten im prolongierten Weaning. Nicht selten sind es der fehlende multidisziplinäre Ansatz und die unzureichende Beachtung der multifaktoriellen Ursachen, die ein erfolgreiches Weaning verhindern. Dieses erfolgreich durchzuführen, setzt eine hohe Expertise in der modernen Intensivmedizin, der Anwendung invasiver und nichtinvasiver Beatmungsverfahren, ein klares Weaning-Konzept, und eine enge, fachübergreifende interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit voraus.

Im komplexen prolongierten Weaning-Prozess gelingt es in spezialisierten Weaning-Zentren/-Einheiten nach Verlegung der invasiv beatmeten Patienten in ca. 50 % der Fälle doch noch, ein Weaning-Versagen abzuwenden. Bei einem Teil der Patienten schlagen auch wiederholte Weaning-Versuche fehl, sodass gegebenenfalls eine dauerhafte invasive Beatmung in außerklinischer Umgebung erforderlich ist.

Vor dem Hintergrund der wachsenden Bedeutung des prolongierten Weanings, insbesondere der medizinischen, psychosozialen und ökonomischen Folgen des Weaning-Versagens, wurde erstmals 2014 diese Leitlinie auf Initiative der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e. V. (DGP) gemeinsam mit anderen wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften, die sich zum Thema prolongiertes Weaning engagieren, publiziert. Aktuelle Forschungs- und Studienergebnisse, Registerdaten und die Erfahrungen in der täglichen Praxis machten die Revision dieser Leitlinie erforderlich.

In der revidierten Leitlinie werden Definitionen, Epidemiologie und Weaning-Kategorien, die zugrundeliegende Pathophysiologie, Strategien zur Prävenion von prolongiertem Weaning, das gesamte Spektrum der verfügbaren Therapiestrategien, die Weaning-Einheit, die Überleitung in eine außerklinische Beatmung und schließlich Empfehlungen zu Therapieentscheidungen am Ende des Lebens bei prolongiertem bzw. erfolglosem Weaning abgehandelt.

Besondere Schwerpunkte in der Revision der Leitlinie sind folgende Themenfelder:

– Eine neue Klassifikation der Untergruppen der Patienten im prolongieren Weaning

– Wichtige Aspekte der pneumologischen Rehabilitation und Neurorehabilitation im prolongieren Weaning

– Infrastruktur und Prozessorganisation in der Versorgung von Patienten im prolongierten Weaning im Sinne eines kontinuierlichen Behandlungskonzeptes

– Therapiezieländerung und Kommunikation mit Angehörigen

Die Besonderheiten bei pädiatrischen Patienten werden innerhalb der einzelnen Kapitel jeweils gesondert behandelt.

Wichtige Adressaten dieser Leitlinie sind Intensivmediziner, Pneumologen, Anästhesisten, Internisten, Kardiologen, Chirurgen, Neurologen, Pädiater, Geriater, Palliativmediziner, Rehabilitationsmediziner, Pflegekräfte, Logopäden, Physiotherapeuten, Atmungstherapeuten, der medizinische Dienst der Krankenkassen und die Hersteller von Beatmungstechnik.

Die wesentlichen Ziele der revidierten Leitlinie sind es, den aktuellen Wissensstand zum Thema „Prolongiertes Weaning“ wissenschaftlich zu bewerten und auf Basis der Evidenz und der Erfahrung von Experten Empfehlungen hinsichtlich des prolongierten Weanings nicht nur für den Bereich der Akutmedizin, sondern auch für den Bereich „Chronic critical care“ zu geben.

Abstract

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is an essential part of modern intensive care medicine. MV is performed in patients with severe respiratory failure caused by insufficiency of respiratory muscles and/or lung parenchymal disease when/after other treatments, (i. e. medication, oxygen, secretion management, continuous positive airway pressure or nasal highflow) have failed.

MV is required to maintain gas exchange and to buy time for curative therapy of the underlying cause of respiratory failure. In the majority of patients weaning from MV is routine and causes no special problems. However, about 20 % of patients need ongoing MV despite resolution of the conditions which precipitated the need for MV. Approximately 40 – 50 % of time spent on MV is required to liberate the patient from the ventilator, a process called “weaning.”

There are numberous factors besides the acute respiratory failure that have an impact on duration and success rate of the weaning process such as age, comorbidities and conditions and complications acquired in the ICU. According to an international consensus conference “prolonged weaning” is defined as weaning process of patients who have failed at least three weaning attempts or require more than 7 days of weaning after the first spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). Prolonged weaning is a challenge, therefore, an inter- and multi-disciplinary approach is essential for a weaning success.

In specialised weaning centers about 50 % of patients with initial weaning failure can be liberated from MV after prolonged weaning. However, heterogeneity of patients with prolonged weaning precludes direct comparisons of individual centers. Patients with persistant weaning failure either die during the weaning process or are discharged home or to a long term care facility with ongoing MV.

Urged by the growing importance of prolonged weaning, this Sk2-guideline was first published in 2014 on the initiative of the German Respiratory Society (DGP) together with other scientific societies involved in prolonged weaning. Current research and study results, registry data and experience in daily practice made the revision of this guideline necessary.

The following topics are dealt with in the guideline: Definitions, epidemiology, weaning categories, the underlying pathophysiology, prevention of prolonged weaning, treatment strategies in prolonged weaning, the weaning unit, discharge from hospital on MV and recommendations for end of life decisions.

Special emphasis in the revision of the guideline was laid on the following topics:

– A new classification of subgroups of patients in prolonged weaning

– Important aspects of pneumological rehabilitation and neurorehabilitation in prolonged weaning

– Infrastructure and process organization in the care of patients in prolonged weaning in the sense of a continuous treatment concept

– Therapeutic goal change and communication with relatives

Aspects of pediatric weaning are given separately within the individual chapters.

The main aim of the revised guideline is to summarize current evidence and also expert based- knowledge on the topic of “prolonged weaning” and, based on the evidence and the experience of experts, make recommendations with regard to “prolonged weaning” not only in the field of acute medicine but also for chronic critical care.

Important addressees of this guideline are Intensivists, Pneumologists, Anesthesiologists, Internists, Cardiologists, Surgeons, Neurologists, Pediatricians, Geriatricians, Palliative care clinicians, Rehabilitation physicians, Nurses in intensive and chronic care, Physiotherapists, Respiratory therapists, Speech therapists, Medical service of health insurance and associated ventilator manufacturers.

^* Verabschiedet von den Vorständen der beteiligten Fachgesellschaften am 09. 07. 2019.

^# Teilnehmer der Leitungs- bzw. Redaktionsgruppe der Leitlinie

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