Zusammenhang von biologischer Reife, Körperkonstitution und körperlicher Fitness und der Leistung auf dem Ruderergometer bei Elite-Nachwuchsruderinnen

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund Prädiktoren ruderspezifischer Leistungen wurden bislang im Nachwuchsleistungsrudersport nur unzureichend analysiert. Entsprechend war es das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie, Zusammenhänge zwischen der biologischen Reife, der Körperkonstitution sowie der körperlichen Fitness und der Leistung auf dem Ruderergometer bei Elite-Nachwuchsathletinnen zu untersuchen sowie Prognosen zur Leistung auf dem Ruderergometer aus diesen Parametern abzuleiten.

Methode Insgesamt nahmen 26 Elite-Nachwuchsruderinnen im Alter von 13,1 ± 0,5 Jahren (Abstand zum maximalen Wachstumsspurt: 2,2 ± 0,5 Jahre; mittlerer Trainingsumfang: 10 Stunden/Woche) an der Studie teil. Im Rahmen von Leistungsüberprüfungen im März 2016/2017 wurden Parameter der biologischen Reife (Abstand zum geschätzten Zeitpunkt des Wachstumsspurts), der Körperkonstitution (Körperhöhe/-masse, Mager-/Körperfettmasse), der Maximalkraft (Einer-Wiederholungsmaximum (EWM) Bankziehen, Beinpresse, isometrische Handkraft), der Schnellkraft (Hockstrecksprung), der Kraftausdauer (Bourban-Rumpfkraftausdauertest), des dynamischen Gleichgewichts (Y-Balance-Test) und der Richtungswechselschnelligkeit (Multistage Shuttle Run) sowie der Leistung auf dem Ruderergometer über 700 m erfasst. Lineare Regressionsanalysen wurden für die Modelle (1) biologische Reife, (2) biologische Reife und Körperkonstitution sowie (3) biologische Reife, Körperkonstitution und körperliche Fitness durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse Die statistische Analyse zeigte signifikante (p≤ 0,01) mittlere bis hohe Korrelationskoeffizienten (0,57 ≤r≤ 0,8) zwischen der biologischen Reife, Kennwerten der Körperkonstitution (Körperhöhe/-masse, Magermasse), der Maximalkraft (EWM Bankziehen, isometrische Handkraft) sowie der Kraftausdauer (Bourban-Rumpfkraftausdauertest) mit der Leistung auf dem Ruderergometer. Die lineare Regressionsanalyse identifizierte für das Modell 3 mit den Prädiktoren Körperkonstitution (Magermasse) und Kraftausdauer (Bourban-Rumpfkraftausdauertest) die beste Aufklärung für den 700m-Ruderergometertest (R² = 0,94; Akaike-Informationskriterium (AIC) = 82,1). Die Varianzaufklärung war größer als bei Modell 1 (R² = 0,60; AIC = 131,5) und Modell 2 (R² = 0,63; AIC = 111,6).

Schlussfolgerungen Aufgrund der vorliegenden Ergebnisse wird Trainern im Nachwuchsrudersport empfohlen, ausgewählte Merkmale der biologischen Reife, Körperkonstitution sowie der körperlichen Fitness (Maximalkraft, Kraftausdauer) für die Talententwicklung zu berücksichtigen, da diese besonders hoch mit der Leistung auf dem Ruderergometer assoziiert sind.

Abstract

Background There is a gap in the literature regarding predictors of rowing performance in young rowers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate associations between parameters of biological maturity, body constitution and physical fitness with rowing performance in young female elite rowers.

Methods A total of 26 female rowers aged 13.1 ± 0.5 years (maturity offset: + 2.2 ± 0.5 years from peak height velocity; training volume: 10 hours/week) volunteered to participate in this study. During the performance tests in March 2016/2017, biological maturity (e. g. maturity offset), body constitution (e. g. body height/mass, lean body mass, body fat mass) and physical fitness were assessed. Physical fitness tests included the assessment of muscle strength (1-RM bench pull, leg press, maximal handgrip strength), muscle power (standing long jump test), muscular endurance (trunk muscle endurance test [Bourban test]), dynamic balance (Y-balance test) and change-of-direction speed (multistage shuttle run). Finally, rowing performance was analysed using a 700-m rowing ergometer test. A linear regression analysis was computed for the models (1) biological maturity, (2) biological maturity and body constitution, and (3) biologic maturity, body constitution, and physical fitness.

Results The statistical analysis showed significant (p≤ 0.01) medium-to-large sized correlations (0.57 ≤r≤ 0.8) between biological maturity, body constitution (e. g. body height/mass, lean body mass) and physical fitness (e. g. 1-RM bench pull, maximal handgrip strength, Bourban test) with rowing performance. Model 3 with the predictors body constitution (i. e. lean mass) and muscular endurance (i. e. Bourban test) showed the largest explained variance for 700-m rowing ergometer performance (R² = 0.94, Akaike information criterion [AIC] = 82.1). Explained variance of model 3 was higher compared with model 1 (R² = 0.6, AIC = 131.5) and model 2 (R² = 0.63, AIC = 111.6).

Conclusions As a result of this study, coaches involved in junior rowing should focus on characteristics such as biological maturity, body constitution and physical fitness (muscle strength, muscular endurance) during talent development as these correlated highly with rowing ergometer performance.

Schlüsselwörter

Wassersport - Nachwuchsleistungssport - Ruderergometer - Kondition

Key words

water sports - youth - oarsmen - rowing ergometer

Publication History

Article published online:
07 September 2021

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