Diagnosis, Therapy and Follow-Up of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents

Publication History

Article published online:
29 July 2022

• References

• 1 Biester T, Dovc K, Chobot A. et al. AID (“automated insulin delivery”)-Systeme on der Diabetologie. Der Diabetologe 2021; 17: 627-637
• 2 Boughton CK, Hovorka R. New closed-loop insulin systems. Diabetologia 2021; 64: 1007-1015
• 3 Fuchs J, Hovorka R. Benefits and challenges of current closed-loop technologies in children and young people with type 1 diabetes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9: 679484
• 4 Megarbane B, Guerrier G, Blancher A. et al. A possible hypophosphatemia-induced, life-threatening encephalopathy in diabetic ketoacidosis: a case-report. Am J Med Sci 2007; 333: 384-386
• 5 Häglin L. Using phosphate supplementation to reverse hypophosphatemia and phosphate depletion in neurological disease and disturbance. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 213-223
• 6 Van der Vaart A, Waanders F, van Beek AP. et al. Incidence and determinants of hypophosphatemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: an observational study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9: e002018
• 7 Kelly AS, Auerbach P, Barrientos-Perez M. et al. A randomized, controlled trial of liraglutide for adolescents with obesity. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 2117-2128
• 8 Adolfsson P, Riddell MC, Taplin CE. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 205-226
• 9 Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). Acute Pain Management: Operative or Medical Procedures and Trauma. Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, Md, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1992
• 10 Ahern JA, Ramchandani N, Cooper J. et al. Using a primary nurse manager to implement DCCT recommendations in a large pediatric program. Diabetes Educ 2000; 26: 990-994 EK III
• 11 Al Hanshi S, Shann F.. Insulin infused at 0.05 versus 0.1 units/ kg/hr in children admitted to intensive care with diabetic ketoacidosis.. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 12: 137-140 EK III
• 12 Alberti G, Zimmet P, Shaw J. et al. Type 2 diabetes in the young: the evolving epidemic: the international diabetes federation consensus workshop. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1798-1811 EK IV
• 13 Ambrosino JM, Fennie K, Whittemore R. et al. Short-term effects of coping skills training in school-age children with type 1 diabetes.. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 74-82 EK Ib
• 14 American Diabetes Association (ADA). Management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26: 2194-2197 EK IV
• 15 American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of medical care in diabetes-2009. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (Suppl. 01) S13-S61 EK IV
• 16 American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2015. Section 11: Children and Adolescents. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: S70-S76 EK IV
• 17 Amin R, Murphy N, Edge J. et al. A longitudinal study of the effects of a gluten-free diet on glycemic control and weight gain in subjects with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1117-1122 EK III
• 18 Andersen HU, Lanng S, Pressler T. et al. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: the presence of microvascular diabetes complications.. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2660-2663 EK III
• 19 Anderson B, Ho J, Brackett J. et al. Parental involvement in diabetes management tasks: relationships to blood glucose monitoring adherence and metabolic control in young adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 1997; 130: 257-265 EK III
• 20 Anderson BJ, Brackett J, Ho J. et al. An office-based intervention to maintain parent-adolescent teamwork in diabetes management. Impact on parent involvement, family conflict, and subsequent glycemic control. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 713-721 EK IIb
• 21 Anderson RM, Funnell MM, Butler PM. et al. Patient empowerment. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 943-949 EK Ib
• 22 Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW. et al. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2083-2093 EK Ib
• 23 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter (AGA): Therapie der Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter (AGA) und der beteiligten medizinisch- wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften, Berufsverbände und weiterer Organisationen, AGA, Ulm (2008) EK IV
• 24 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie. Untersuchungen auf diabetische Folgeerkrankungen an Augen, Nieren und Nerven bei pädiatrischen Diabetespatienten. Diabet Inform 1998; 20: 124-127
• 25 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie: Stellungnahme zur Notwendigkeit eines Kinderpsychologen in der Langzeitbetreuung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus. 20. Auflage. AGPD, (1999)
• 26 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie (AGPD). Kinder mit Diabetes im Kindergarten. Informationen für Erzieherinnen und Erzieher in Kindergärten (2009). Im Internet: http://www.diabeteskinder.de EK IV
• 27 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie (AGPD). Kinder mit Diabetes in der Schule. Informationen für Lehrerinnen und Lehrer (2010). Im Internet: http://www.diabetes-kinder.de EK IV
• 28 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pädiatrische Diabetologie (AGPD). Kosten der ambulanten Langzeitbetreuung (1999), EK IV
• 29 Astrup A, Ryan L, Grunwald GK. et al. The role of dietary fat in body fatness: evidence from a preliminary meta-analysis of ad libitum low-fat dietary intervention studies. Br J Nutr 2000; 83 (Suppl. 01) S25-S32 EK Ia
• 30 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents (2005a), EK IV
• 31 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents (2005b), EK IV
• 32 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents (2005), EK Ib
• 33 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents (2005), EK IIb-III
• 34 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents (2005), EK III
• 35 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents (2005), EK III/IV
• 36 Babcock DS.. Thyroid disease in the pediatric patient: emphasizing imaging with sonography. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36: 299-308 quiz, EK IV
• 37 Babenko AP, Polak M, Cave H. et al. Activating mutations in the ABCC8 gene in neonatal diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 456-466 EK III
• 38 Bachran R, Beyer P, Klinkert C. et al. Basal rates and circadian profiles in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) differ for preschool children, prepubertal children, adolescents and young adults. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 1-5 EK III
• 39 Badenhoop K, Kordonouri O, Machicao F.. Empfehlungen zur molekulargenetischen Diagnostik bei Verdacht auf MODY, DDG. 2008 EK IV
• 40 Baechle C, Castillo K, Strassburger K. et al. Is disordered eating behavior more prevalent in adolescents with early-onset type 1 diabetes than in their representative peers?. Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47: 342-352 EK IIb
• 41 Ballmann M, Hubert D, Assael BM. et al. Open randomised prospective comparative multicentre intervention study of patients with cystic fibrosis and early diagnosed diabetes mellitus. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14: 70 EK Ib
• 42 Bangstad HJ, Danne T, Deeb LC. et al. Insulin treatment. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006–2007. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 88-102 EK Ib
• 43 Bangstad HJ, Danne T, Deeb LC. et al. Insulin treatment. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006–2007. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 88-102 EK IV
• 44 Banks CJ, Furyk JS.. Review article: hypertonic saline use in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas 2008; 20: 294-305 EK III
• 45 Barlow JH, Ellard DR.. Psycho-educational interventions for children with chronic disease, parents and siblings: an overview of the research evidence base. Child Care Health Dev 2004; 30: 637-645 EK Ib
• 46 Barnard K, Thomas S, Royle P. et al. Fear of hypoglycaemia in parents of young children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr 2010; 10: 50 EK Ia
• 47 Barnea-Goraly N, Raman M, Mazaika P. et al. Alterations in white matter structure in young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 332-340 EK III
• 48 Battaglia D, Lin YW, Brogna C. et al. Glyburide ameliorates motor coordination and glucose homeostasis in a child with diabetes associated with the KCNJ11 / S225 T, del226–232 mutation. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 656-660
• 49 Battelino T, Conget I, Olsen B. et al. The use and efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes treated with insulin pump therapy: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2012; 55: 3155-3162 EK Ib
• 50 Battelino T, Danne T, Bergenstal RM. et al. Clinical Targets for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Interpretation: Recommendations From the International Consensus on Time in Range. Diabetes Care 2019; 42: 1593-1603
• 51 Battelino T, Phillip M, Bratina N. et al. Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 795-800 EK Ib
• 52 Becker M, Galler A, Raile K.. Meglitinide analogues in adolescent patients with HNF1A-MODY (MODY 3). Pediatrics 2014; 133: e775-e779
• 53 Bell KJ, Barclay AW, Petocz P. et al. Efficacy of carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2: 133-140
• 54 Berg CA, Schindler I, Maharajh S.. Adolescents' and mothers' perceptions of the cognitive and relational functions of collaboration and adjustment in dealing with type 1 diabetes. J Fam Psychol 2008; 22: 865-874 EK III
• 55 Bergenstal RM, Klonoff DC, Garg SK. et al. Threshold-based insulin-pump interruption for reduction of hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 224-232 EK Ib
• 56 Bergenstal RM, Tamborlane WV, Ahmann A. et al. Effectiveness of sensor-augmented insulin-pump therapy in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 311-320 EK Ib
• 57 Biester T, Blaesig S, Remus K. et al. Insulin degludec's ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties observed in adults are retained in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 27-33
• 58 Biondi B, Cooper DS.. The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Endocr Rev 2008; 29: 76-131 EK Ib-IV
• 59 Bitsko MJ, Bean MK, Bart S. et al. Psychological treatment improves hemoglobin A1c outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2013; 20: 333-342 EK III
• 60 Blackman SM, Raghinaru D, Adi S. et al. Insulin pump use in young children in the T1D Exchange clinic registry is associated with lower hemoglobin A1c levels than injection therapy. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 564-572 EK IIb
• 61 Blank W, Braun B.. Sonografie der Schilddrüse – Teil 2: Schilddrüsenentzündungen, Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen und Interventionen. Ultraschall in Med 2008; 29: 128-149 EK IV
• 62 Blankfield AJ, Holahan B.. Family support, coping strategies and depressive symptoms among mothers of children with diabetes. J Fam Psychol 1996; 10: 173-179 EK III
• 63 Bläsig S, Remus K, Danne T. et al. ´Fit for school´: evaluation of a training course for 5–6 year old children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12: 72 EK III
• 64 Bloomgarden ZT, Karmally W, Metzger MJ. et al. Randomized, controlled trial of diabetic patient education: improved knowledge without improved metabolic status. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 263-272 EK Ib
• 65 Bonfanti R, Colombo C, Nocerino V. et al. Insulin gene mutations as cause of diabetes in children negative for five type 1 diabetes autoantibodies. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 123-125
• 66 Bonfig W, Kapellen T, Dost A. et al. Growth in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 2012; 160: 900-903
• 67 Bonnefond A, Philippe J, Durand E. et al. Whole-exome sequencing and high throughput genotyping identified KCNJ11 as the thirteenth MODY gene. PLoS One 2012; 7: e37 423
• 68 Bonnefond A, Sand O, Guerin B. et al. GATA6 inactivating mutations are associated with heart defects and, inconsistently, with pancreatic agenesis and diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55: 2845-2847
• 69 Bornet F, Haardt MJ, Costagliola D. et al. Sucrose or honey at breakfast have no additional acute hyperglycaemic effect over an isoglucidic amount of bread in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 213-217 EK Ib
• 70 Brackenridge A, Wallbank H, Lawrenson RA. et al. Emergency management of diabetes and hypoglycaemia. Emerg Med J 2006; 23: 183-185 EK III
• 71 Brand-Miller J, Hayne S, Petocz P. et al. Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2261-2267 EK Ia
• 72 Brink S, Laffel L, Likitmaskul S. et al. Sick day management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 401-407 EK IV
• 73 Brink S, Laffel L, Likitmaskul S. et al. Sick day management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 401-407
• 74 Brown M, Ahmed ML, Clayton KL. et al. Growth during childhood and final height in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 1994; 11: 182-187 EK III
• 75 Bryden KS, Neil A, Mayou RA. et al. Eating habits, body weight, and insulin misuse. A longitudinal study of teenagers and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1956-1960 EK III
• 76 Buckingham BA, Cameron F, Calhoun P. et al. Outpatient safety assessment of an in-home predictive low-glucose suspend system with type 1 diabetes subjects at elevated risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013; 15: 622-627 EK Ib
• 77 Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft für Rehabilitation (BAR). Gemeinsames Rahmenkonzept der Gesetzlichen Krankenkassen und der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung für die Durchführung stationärer medizinischer Leistungen der Vorsorge und Rehabilitation für Kinder und Jugendliche (2008). Im Internet: http://www.bar-frankfurt.de/fileadmin/dateiliste/publikationen/ arbeitsmaterialien/downloads/ Gemeinsames_Rahmenkonzept.pdf
• 78 Bundesärztekammer (BÄK), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF), Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV). Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Diabetes. Strukturierte Schulungsprogramme – Langfassung (2012). 1. Auflage, Version 3 143
• 79 Bundesärztekammer BÄK. Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). Nationales Programm für VersorgungsLeitlinien. Methoden-Report 2010; 4 Auflage
• 80 Cadario F, Prodam F, Bellone S. et al. Transition process of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) from paediatric to the adult health care service: a hospital-based approach. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 71: 346-350 EK III
• 81 Cameron FJ, Amin R, de BC. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Diabetes in adolescence. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 245-256 EK III
• 82 Cameron FJ, de BC, Aanstoot HJ. et al. Lessons from the Hvidoere International Study Group on childhood diabetes: be dogmatic about outcome and flexible in approach. Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14: 473-480 EK III
• 83 Cameron FJ, Scratch SE, Nadebaum C. et al. Neurological consequences of diabetic ketoacidosis at initial presentation of type 1 diabetes in a prospective cohort study of children. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 1554-1562 EK IIb
• 84 Cameron FJ, Skinner TC, de Beaufort CE. et al. Are family factors universally related to metabolic outcomes in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes?. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 463-468 EK III
• 85 Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Canadian Diabetes Association 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 2013; 37: S1-S212 EK IV
• 86 Carlsson AK, Axelsson IE, Borulf SK. et al. Prevalence of IgA-antiendomy- sium and IgA-antigliadin autoantibodies at diagnosis of insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus in Swedish children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1999; 103: 1248-1252 EK III
• 87 Ceriello A, Giugliano D, Quatraro A. et al. Anti-oxidants show an anti-hypertensive effect in diabetic and hypertensive subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 1991; 81: 739-742 EK Ib
• 88 Chan CL, Vigers T, Pyle L. et al. Continuous glucose monitoring abnormalities in cystic fibrosis youth correlate with pulmonary function decline. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 17: 783-790
• 89 Chan NN, Brain HP, Feher MD.. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: a rare or very rare clinical entity?. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 273-281 EK IIa
• 90 Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D. et al. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1392-1398 EK Ib
• 91 Channon SJ, Huws-Thomas MV, Rollnick S. et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing in teenagers with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1390-1395 EK Ib
• 92 Chetty VT, Almulla A, Odueyungbo A. et al. The effect of continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring (CGMS) versus intermittent whole blood finger-stick glucose monitoring (SBGM) on hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c) levels in Type I diabetic patients: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81: 79-87 EK Ia
• 93 Cheung N, Rogers SL, Donaghue KC. et al. Retinal arteriolar dilation predicts retinopathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1842-1846 EK IIb
• 94 Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM. et al. Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 2034-2054
• 95 Christiansen E, Schnider S, Palmvig B. et al. Intake of a diet high in trans monounsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids. Effects on postprandial insulinemia and glycemia in obese patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 881-887 EK Ib
• 96 Churchill JN, Ruppe RL, Smaldone A.. Use of continuous insulin infusion pumps in young children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. J Pediatr Health Care 2009; 23: 173-179 EK 1a
• 97 Clar C, Waugh N, Thomas S.. Routine hospital admission versus out-patient or home care in children at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD004 099 EK IIa–III
• 98 Clarke W, Deeb LC, Jameson P. et al. Diabetes care in the school and day care setting. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: S75-S79 EK IV
• 99 Clarke W, Jones T, Rewers A. et al. Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 165-174 EK IV
• 100 Clarke W, Jones T, Rewers A. et al. Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 165-174 EK IV
• 101 Clarke W, Jones T, Rewers A. et al. Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 165-174 EK III
• 102 Cochran JB, Walters S, Losek JD.. Pediatric hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome: diagnostic difficulties and high mortality rate. Am J Emerg Med 2006; 24: 297-301 EK III
• 103 Colombo C, Porzio O, Liu M. et al. Seven mutations in the human insulin gene linked to permanent neonatal/infancy-onset diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 2008; 118: 2148-2156 EK III
• 104 Colquitt J, Royle P, Waugh N.. Are analogue insulins better than soluble in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion? Results of a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2003; 20: 863-866 EK Ia
• 105 Colton P, Olmsted M, Daneman D. et al. Disturbed eating behavior and eating disorders in preteen and early teenage girls with type 1 diabetes: a case-controlled study. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1654-1659 EK III
• 106 Colton PA, Olmsted MP, Daneman D. et al. Depression, disturbed eating behavior, and metabolic control in teenage girls with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14: 372-376 EK III
• 107 Copeland PM, Anderson B.. Diabetes mellitus and eating disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1995; 3: 36-40 EK IV
• 108 Coster S, Gulliford MC, Seed PT. et al. Monitoring blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2000; 4: i-93 EK Ia
• 109 Couch R, Jetha M, Dryden DM.. Diabetes education for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their families. Evid Rep Rechnol Assess (Full Rep) 2008; 1-144 EK Ia
• 110 Couper JJ, Haller MJ, Greenbaum CJ. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Stages of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 20-27
• 111 Court JM, Cameron FJ, Berg-Kelly K. et al. Diabetes in adolescence. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 255-262 EK IV
• 112 Craig ME, Twigg SM, Donaghue KC. et al. Australian Type Diabetes Guidelines Expert Advisory Group: National evidence-based clinical care guidelines for type 1 diabetes in children, adolescents and adults. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing; 2011, EK IV;
• 113 Cranston I, Lomas J, Maran A. et al. Restoration of hypoglycaemia awareness in patients with longduration insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1994; 344: 283-287 EK III
• 114 d'Emden H, Holden L, McDermott B. et al. Disturbed eating behaviours and thoughts in Australian adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Paediatr Child Health 2013; 49: E317-E323 EK III
• 115 Dalla Pozza R, Bechtold S, Bonfig W. et al. Age of onset of type 1 diabetes in children and carotid intima medial thickness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 2053-2057 EK IIb
• 116 Danne T.. Deutscher Gesundheitsbericht. Diabetes 2014 http: //www.diabetesde.org/fileadmin/users/Patientenseite/PDFs_und_TEXTE/ Infomaterial/Gesundheitsbericht_2014_ kl.pdf 2014, EK IIb
• 117 Danne T, Aman J, Schober E. et al. A comparison of postprandial and preprandial administration of insulin aspart in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2359-2364 EK Ib
• 118 Danne T, Bangstad HJ, Deeb L. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 115-134 EK IV
• 119 Danne T, Battelino T, Jarosz-Chobot P. et al. Establishing glycaemic control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: experience of the PedPump Study in 17 countries. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 1594-1601 EK III
• 120 Danne T, Becker RH, Heise T. et al. Pharmacokinetics, prandial glucose control, and safety of insulin glulisine in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2100-2105 EK Ib
• 121 Danne T, Datz N, Endahl L. et al. Insulin detemir is characterized by a more reproducible pharmacokinetic profile than insulin glargine in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: results from a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 554-560 EK Ib
• 122 Danne T, Kordonouri O.. Use of technology to potentially preserve C-Peptide in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2010; 7 (Suppl. 03) 396-400 EK Ib
• 123 Danne T, Kordonouri O, Enders I. et al. Factors influencing height and weight development in children with diabetes. Results of the Berlin Retinopathy Study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 281-285 EK III
• 124 Danne T, Mortensen HB, Hougaard P. et al. Persistent differences among centers over 3 years in glycemic control and hypoglycemia in a study of 3805 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes from the Hvidore Study Group. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1342-1347 EK III
• 125 Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T. et al International consensus on use of continous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 1631-1640
• 126 Danne T, Phillip M, Buckingham BA. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 115-135
• 127 Danne T, Philotheou A, Goldman D. et al. A randomized trial comparing the rate of hypoglycemia– assessed using continuous glucose monitoring–in 125 preschool children with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin glargine or NPH insulin (the PRESCHOOL study). Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14: 593-601 EK1b
• 128 Danne T, Rastam J, Odendahl R. et al. Parental preference of prandial insulin aspart compared with preprandial human insulin in a basal-bolus scheme with NPH insulin in a 12-wk crossover study of preschool children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 278-285 EK IIa
• 129 Danne T, Tsioli C, Kordonouri O. et al. The PILGRIM study: in silico modeling of a predictive low glucose management system and feasibility in youth with type 1 diabetes during exercise. Diabetes Technol Ther 2014; 16: 338-347 EK IIb
• 130 Danne T, Weber B, Hartmann R. et al. Long-term glycemic control has a nonlinear association to the frequency of background retinopathy in adolescents with diabetes. Follow-up of the Berlin Retinopathy Study. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 1390-1396 EK III
• 131 Danne T, Ziegler R, Kapellen T.. Diabetes bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Dt. Gesundheitsbericht Diabetes. 2019. Mainz; Kirchheim- Verlag 2019: 124-135
• 132 Davis CL, Delamater AM, Shaw KH. et al. Parenting styles, regimen adherence, and glycemic control in 4- to 10-year-old children with diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2001; 26: 123-129 EK III
• 133 de Beaufort CE, Lange K, Swift PG. et al. Metabolic outcomes in young children with type 1 diabetes differ between treatment centers: the Hvidoere Study in Young Children 2009. Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14: 422-428 EK IIb
• 134 de Man SA, Andre JL, Bachmann H. et al. Blood pressure in childhood: pooled findings of six European studies. J Hypertens 1991; 9: 109-114 EK IIb
• 135 de Weerdt I, Visser AP, Kok GJ. et al. Randomized controlled multicentre evaluation of an education programme for insulin-treated diabetic patients: effects on metabolic control, quality of life, and costs of therapy. Diabet Med 1991; 8: 338-345 EK Ib
• 136 de Wit M, Winterdijk P, Aanstoot HJ. et al. Assessing diabetes-related quality of life of youth with type 1 diabetes in routine clinical care: the MIND Youth Questionnaire (MY-Q). Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 638-646 EK IV
• 137 de Wit M, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Bokma JA. et al. Monitoring and discussing health-related quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes improve psychosocial well-being: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1521-1526 EK Ib
• 138 de Wit M, Pouwer F, Gemke RJ. et al. Validation of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2003-2006 EK III
• 139 Decourcey DD, Steil GM, Wypij D. et al. Increasing use of hypertonic saline over mannitol in the treatment of symptomatic cerebral edema in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: an 11-year retrospective analysis of mortality*. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14: 694-700 EK III
• 140 Deeb LC, Holcombe JH, Brunelle R. et al. Insulin lispro lowers postprandial glucose in prepubertal children with diabetes. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 1175-1179 EK Ib
• 141 Deiss D, Bolinder J, Riveline JP. et al. Improved glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2730-2732 EK Ib
• 142 Delamater AM, Bubb J, Davis SG. et al. Randomized prospective study of self-management training with newly diagnosed diabetic children. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 492-498 EK Ib
• 143 Delamater AM, de WM, McDarby V. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Psychological care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 232-244 EK IV
• 144 Delamater AM, Jacobson AM, Anderson B. et al. Psychosocial therapies in diabetes: report of the Psychosocial Therapies Working Group. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1286-1292 EK Ia
• 145 Delamater AM, Shaw KH, Applegate EB. et al. Risk for metabolic control problems in minority youth with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 700-705 EK III
• 146 Delamater AM, de Wit M, McDarby V. et al. Psychological care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes 2014; 15: 232-244
• 147 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung (ÖGE), Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungsforschung (SGE), Hrsg. Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. 2. Auflage. Bonn: DGE-Verlag; 2015, EK IV
• 148 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung (ÖGE), Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungsforschung (SGE), Schweizerische Vereinigung für Ernährung (SVE): Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. Neustadt/ Weinstraße: Neuer Umschau Buchverlag; 2008, EK IV
• 149 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie (DGKJP). Behandlung von depressiven Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Evidenz- und konsensbasierte Leitlinie (S3). Langfassung. (01.07.2013). Im Internet: http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/028–043l_S3_Depressive_St%C3%B6rungen_bei_Kindern_Jugendlichen_2013–07.pdf EK IV
• 150 Deutsche Gesellschaft für pädiatrische Rehabilitation und Prävention. Leitlinie Rehabilitation Diabetes mellitus im Kindes- und Jugendalter 2007. Im Internet: http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/070–003k_S2_Diabetes_mellitus_ stationaere_Rehabilitation.pdf
• 151 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN), Bundesärztekammer (BÄK), Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). S3-Leitlinie/Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Unipolare Depression – Langfassung. 1. Auflage, Version 5 (2009)
• 152 Deutsche Hochdruckliga, Deutsche Hypertoniegesellschaft: Leitlinien zur Behandlung der arteriellen Hypertonie. Heidelberg: DHL; 2008
• 153 Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund: Rahmenkonzept zur medizinischen Rehabilitation in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung, 3. Auflage. Berlin: Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund; 2009
• 154 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial. The DCCT Research Group. Am J Med 1991; 90: 450-459 EK III
• 155 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. J Pediatr 1994; 125: 177-188 EK Ib
• 156 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes 1995; 44: 968-983 EK Ib
• 157 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The absence of a glycemic threshold for the development of long-term complications: the perspective of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1996; 45: 1289-1298
• 158 Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Diabetes Study Group. Effects of insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1685-1691 EK Ib
• 159 DiMeglio LA, Acerini CL, Codner E. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 10-114
• 160 Dobson L, Hattersley AT, Tiley S. et al. Clinical improvement in cystic fibrosis with early insulin treatment. Arch Dis Child 2002; 87: 430-431
• 161 Dodson PM, Beevers M, Hallworth R. et al. Sodium restriction and blood pressure in hypertensive type II diabetics: randomised blind controlled and crossover studies of moderate sodium restriction and sodium supplementation. BMJ 1989; 298: 227-230 EK Ib
• 162 Doherty FM, Calam R, Sanders MR.. Positive parenting program (triple P) for families of adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial of self-directed teen triple P. J Pediatr Psychol 2013; 38: 846-858 EK Ib
• 163 Donaghue KC, Chiarelli F, Trotta D. et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006–2007. Microvascular and macrovascular complications. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 163-170 EK III
• 164 Donaghue KC, Chiarelli F, Trotta D. et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006–2007. Microvascular and macrovascular complications. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 163-170 EK IIb
• 165 Donaghue KC, Chiarelli F, Trotta D. et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006–2007. Microvascular and macrovascular complications. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 163-170 EK IV
• 166 Donaghue KC, Chiarelli F, Trotta D. et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006–2007. Microvascular and macrovascular complications. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 163-170
• 167 Donaghue KC, Craig ME, Chan AK. et al. Prevalence of diabetes complications 6 years after diagnosis in an incident cohort of childhood diabetes. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 711-718 EK IIb-III
• 168 Donaghue KC, Wadwa RP, Dimeglio LA. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 (Suppl. 20) 257-269 EK IV
• 169 Doolan A, Donaghue K, Fairchild J. et al. Use of HLA typing in diagnosing celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 806-809 EK IIa
• 170 Dost A, Klinkert C, Kapellen T. et al. Arterial hypertension determined by ambulatory blood pressure profiles: contribution to microalbuminuria risk in a multicenter investigation in 2105 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 720-725
• 171 Dunger DB, Sperling MA, Acerini CL. et al. ESPE/LWPES consensus statement on diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child. 2004 89. 188-194 EK IV
• 172 Edge JA, Jakes RW, Roy Y. et al. The UK case-control study of cerebral oedema complicating diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 2002-2009 EK II
• 173 Edghill E, Flanagan SE, Patch AM. et al. Insulin mutation screening in 1044 patients with diabetes: mutations in the INS gene are a common cause of neonatal diabetes but a rare cause of diabetes diagnosed in childhood or adulthood. Diabetes 2008; 57: 1034-1042 EK III
• 174 Ehehalt S, Blumenstock G, Willasch AM. et al. Continuous rise in incidence of childhood Type 1 diabetes in Germany. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 755-757 EK III
• 175 Ehehalt S, Dietz K, Willasch AM. et al. Prediction model for the incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes in childhood and adolescence: evidence for a cohort-dependent increase within the next two decades in Germany. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 15-20 EK III
• 176 Ehehalt S, Gauger N, Blumenstock G. et al. Hemoglobin A1c is a reliable criterion for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 446-449
• 177 Ellard S, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Hattersley AT.. Best practice guidelines for the molecular genetic diagnosis of maturityonset diabetes of the young. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 546-553 EK III
• 178 Ellard S, Flanagan SE, Girard CA. et al. Permanent neonatal diabetes caused by dominant, recessive, or compound heterozygous SUR1 mutations with opposite functional effects. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81: 375-382
• 179 Ellert U, Brettschneider AK, Ravens-Sieberer U.. Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014; 57: 798-806 EK IIb
• 180 Ellis D, Naar-King S, Templin T. et al. Multisystemic therapy for adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: reduced diabetic ketoacidosis admissions and related costs over 24 months. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1746-1747 EK Ib
• 181 Ellis DA, Naar-King S, Chen X. et al. Multisystemic therapy compared to telephone support for youth with poorly controlled diabetes: findings from a randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med 2012; 44: 207-215 EK Ib
• 182 Ellis SE, Speroff T, Dittus RS. et al. Diabetes patient education: a meta-analysis and metaregression. Patient Educ Couns 2004; 52: 97-105 EK Ib
• 183 Eppens MC, Craig ME, Jones TW. et al. Type 2 diabetes in youth from the Western Pacific region: glycaemic control, diabetes care and complications. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22: 1013-1020 EK III
• 184 Erhart M, Holling H, Bettge S. et al. Der Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS): Risiken und Ressourcen für die psychische Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50: 800-809 EK III
• 185 European Medicines Agency (EMA). Outcome of review of new safety data on insulin glargine (2013). Im Internet: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Medicine_QA/2013/05/WC500143 823.pdf
• 186 European Society of Cardiology. Leitlinien für das Management der arteriellen Hypertonie. ESC Pocket Guideline (2013). Im Internet: http://leitlinien.dgk.org/files/2014_Pocket-Leitlinien_Arterielle_Hypertonie. pdf
• 187 Fagot-Campagna A, Narayan KM, Imperatore G.. Type 2 diabetes in children. BMJ 2001; 322: 377-378 EK III
• 188 Felber J, Aust D, Baas S. et al. Ergebnisse einer S2k-Konsensuskonferenz der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungsund Stoffwechselerkrankungen (DGVS) gemeinsam mit der Deutschen Zöliakie-Gesellschaft (DZG) zur Zöliakie, Weizenallergie und Weizensensitivität. Z Gastroenterol 2014; 52: 711-743 EK IV
• 189 Feldt-Rasmussen B, Mathiesen ER, Jensen T. et al. Effect of improved metabolic control on loss of kidney function in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients: an update of the Steno studies. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 164-170
• 190 Fendler W, Baranowska AI, Mianowska B. et al. Three-year comparison of subcutaneous insulin pump treatment with multi-daily injections on HbA1c, its variability and hospital burden of children with type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49: 363-370 EK IIb
• 191 Ficociello LH, Perkins BA, Silva KH. et al. Determinants of progression from microalbuminuria to proteinuria in patients who have type 1 diabetes and are treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2: 461-469 EK IIb
• 192 Fiordalisi I, Novotny WE, Holbert D. et al. An 18-yr prospective study of pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: an approach to minimizing the risk of brain herniation during treatment. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 142-149 EK III
• 193 Flanagan SE, Edghill EL, Gloyn AL. et al. Mutations in KCNJ11, which encodes Kir6.2, are a common cause of diabetes diagnosed in the first 6 months of life, with the phenotype determined by genotype. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1190-1197 EK IIb-III
• 194 Flanagan SE, Patch AM, Mackay DJ. et al. Mutations in ATP-sensitive K+ channel genes cause transient neonatal diabetes and permanent diabetes in childhood or adulthood. Diabetes 2007; 56: 1930-1937 EK IIb-III
• 195 Forsander G, Persson B, Sundelin J. et al. Metabolic control in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 5y after diagnosis. Early detection of patients at risk for poor metabolic control. Acta Paediatr 1998; 87: 857-864 EK III
• 196 Forsander GA, Sundelin J, Persson B.. Influence of the initial management regimen and family social situation on glycemic control and medical care in children with type I diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89: 1462-1468 EK IIa
• 197 Franklin B, Liu J, Ginsberg-Fellner F.. Cerebral edema and ophthalmoplegia reversed by mannitol in a new case of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 1982; 69: 87-90 EK III
• 198 Frost F, Dyce P, Nazareth D. et al. Continuous glucose monitoring guided insulin therapy is associated with improved clinical outcomes in cystic fibrosisrelated diabetes. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 17 (06) 798-803
• 199 Fröhlich C, Hermann T, Koch S. et al. Indikationen für eine stationäre Rehabilitation von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Typ-1-Diabetes– eine bundesweite "DPV-Wiss"-Analyse. Diabet Stoffw. 2008 93. EK III
• 200 Fröhlich-Reiterer EE, Hofer S, Kaspers S. et al. Screening frequency for celiac disease and autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus–data from a German/Austrian multicentre survey. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 546-553 EK III
• 201 Fröhlich-Reiterer EE, Kaspers S, Hofer S. et al. Anthropometry, metabolic control, and follow-up in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and biopsy-proven celiac disease. J Pediatr 2011; 158: 589-593 EK III
• 202 Gaede P, Vedel P, Parving HH. et al. 21 Intensified multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: the Steno type 2 randomised study. Lancet 1999; 353: 617-622
• 203 Gage H, Hampson S, Skinner TC. et al. Educational and psychosocial programmes for adolescents with diabetes: approaches, outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Patient Educ Couns 2004; 53: 333-346 EK Ib
• 204 Gale EA, Bingley PJ, Emmett CL. et al. European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT): a randomised controlled trial of intervention before the onset of type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2004; 363: 925-931 EK Ib
• 205 Gale EA, Gillespie KM.. Diabetes and gender. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 3-15 EK IIb
• 206 Garg A.. High-monounsaturated-fat diets for patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 577S-582S EK Ia
• 207 Garin I, Edghill EL, Akerman I. et al. Recessive mutations in the INS gene result in neonatal diabetes through reduced insulin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107: 3105-3110
• 208 Gaudieri PA, Chen R, Greer TF. et al. Cognitive function in children with type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1892-1897 EK Ib
• 209 Gayes LA, Steele RG.. A meta-analysis of motivational interviewing interventions for pediatric health behavior change. J Consult Clin Psychol 2014; 82: 521-535 EK Ia
• 210 Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P. et al. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 3160-3167
• 211 Gerstl EM, Rabl W, Rosenbauer J. et al. Metabolic control as reflected by HbA1c in children, adolescents and young adults with type-1 diabetes mellitus: combined longitudinal analysis including 27 035 patients from 207 centers in Germany and Austria during the last decade. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167: 447-453 EK IIb–III
• 212 Gheissari A, Javanmard SH, Shirzadi R. et al. The effects of blocking Angiotensin receptors on early stages of diabetic nephropathy. Int J Prev Med 2012; 3: 477-482
• 213 Giacco R, Parillo M, Rivellese AA. et al. Long-term dietary treatment with increased amounts of fiber-rich low-glycemic index natural foods improves blood glucose control and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1461-1466 EK Ib
• 214 Glaser N, Barnett P, McCaslin I. et al. Risk factors for cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 264-269 EK III
• 215 Glaser NS, Wootton-Gorges SL, Buonocore MH. et al. Frequency of sub-clinical cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7: 75-80 EK III
• 216 Glasgow RE, Fisher EB, Anderson BJ. et al. Behavioral science in diabetes. Contributions and opportunities. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 832-843 EK Ia
• 217 Gloyn AL, Diatloff-Zito C, Edghill EL. et al. KCNJ11 activating mutations are associated with developmental delay, epilepsy and neonatal diabetes syndrome and other neurological features. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14: 824-830
• 218 Gloyn AL, Pearson ER, Antcliff JF. et al. Activating mutations in the gene encoding the ATP-sensitive potassium-channel subunit Kir6.2 and permanent neonatal diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1838-1849 EK III
• 219 Goebel-Fabbri AE, Fikkan J, Franko DL. et al. Insulin restriction and associated morbidity and mortality in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 415-419 EK IIb
• 220 Golicki DT, Golicka D, Groele L. et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 233-240 EK Ia
• 221 Gong M, Simaite D, Kuhnen P. et al. Two novel GATA6 mutations cause childhood-onset diabetes mellitus, pancreas malformation and congenital heart disease. Horm Res Paediatr 2013; 79: 250-256
• 222 Gottschalk M, Danne T, Vlajnic A. et al. Glimepiride versus metformin as monotherapy in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, single-blind comparative study. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 790-794 EK Ib
• 223 Grabert M, Schweiggert F, Holl RW.. A framework for diabetes documentation and quality management in Germany: 10 years of experience with DPV. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2002; 69: 115-121 EK III
• 224 Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D. et al. Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipidlowering drugs. JAMA 2004; 292: 2585-2590 EK III
• 225 Green SM, Rothrock SG, Ho JD. et al. Failure of adjunctive bicarbonate to improve outcome in severe pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31: 41-48
• 226 Grey M, Boland EA, Davidson M. et al. Coping skills training for youth with diabetes mellitus has longlasting effects on metabolic control and quality of life. J Pediatr 2000; 137: 107-113 EK Ib
• 227 Grey M, Cameron ME, Lipman TH. et al. Psychosocial status of children with diabetes in the first 2 years after diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1330-1336 EK IIb
• 228 Grey M, Cameron ME, Lipman TH. et al. Psychosocial status of children with diabetes in the first 2 years after diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1330-1336 EK III
• 229 Grey M, Whittemore R, Jaser S. et al. Effects of coping skills training in school-age children with type 1 diabetes. Res Nurs Health 2009; 32: 405-418 EK Ib
• 230 Grey M, Whittemore R, Jeon S. et al. Internet psycho-education programs improve outcomes in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 2475-2482 EK Ib
• 231 Grulich-Henn J, Wagner V, Thon A. et al. Entities and frequency of neonatal diabetes: data from the diabetes documentation and quality management system (DPV). Diabet Med 2010; 27: 709-712 EK III
• 232 Haas L, Maryniuk M, Beck J. et al. National standards for diabetes self-management education and support. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (Suppl. 01) S144-S153 EK IV
• 233 Hale PJ, Crase J, Nattrass M.. Metabolic effects of bicarbonate in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 289: 1035-1038 EK IIa
• 234 Hammes HP, Kerner W, Hofer S. et al. Diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes-a contemporary analysis of 8784 patients. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 1977-1984
• 235 Hampson SE, Skinner TC, Hart J. et al. Effects of educational and psychosocial interventions for adolescents with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2001; 5: 1-79 EK Ia
• 236 Hanas R, Adolfsson P.. Insulin pumps in pediatric routine care improve long-term metabolic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7: 25-31 EK III
• 237 Hanas R, Lindgren F, Lindblad B.. Diabetic ketoacidosis and cerebral oedema in Sweden–a 2-year paediatric population study. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 1080-1085 EK III
• 238 Hanberger L, Ludvigsson J, Nordfeldt S.. Use of a web 2.0 portal to improve education and communication in young patients with families: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15: e175 EK Ib
• 239 Hansen D, Brock-Jacobsen B, Lund E. et al. Clinical benefit of a gluten-free diet in type 1 diabetic children with screeningdetected celiac disease: a population-based screening study with 2 years follow-up. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2452-2456 EK IIa
• 240 Harris MA, Freeman KA, Beers M.. Family therapy for adolescents with poorly controlled diabetes: initial test of clinical significance. J Pediatr Psychol 2009; 34: 1097-1107 EK IIb
• 241 Hattersley A, Bruining J, Shield J. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006–2007. The diagnosis and management of monogenic diabetes in children. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7: 352-360 EK IV
• 242 Haugstvedt A, Wentzel-Larsen T, Graue M. et al. Fear of hypoglycaemia in mothers and fathers of children with Type 1 diabetes is associated with poor glycaemic control and parental emotional distress: a population-based study. Diabet Med 2010; 27: 72-78 EK IIb
• 243 Haugstvedt A, Wentzel-Larsen T, Rokne B. et al. Perceived family burden and emotional distress: similarities and differences between mothers and fathers of children with type 1 diabetes in a populationbased study. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12: 107-114 EK IIb
• 244 Hecker W, Bartus B, Heinze E. et al. Stoffwechseleinstellung des Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 bei Kindern und Jugendlichen deutscher und ausländischer Herkunft. Diabet Stoffw 1998; 5: 177-180 EK III
• 245 Hecker W, Grabert M, Holl RW.. Quality of paediatric IDDM care in Germany: a multicentre analysis. German Paediatric Diabetology Group. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1999; 12: 31-38 EK III
• 246 Helgeson VS, Reynolds KA, Becker D. et al. Relations of behavioral autonomy to health outcomes among emerging adults with and without type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2014; 39: 1126-1137 EK III
• 247 Helgeson VS, Siminerio L, Escobar O. et al. Predictors of metabolic control among adolescents with diabetes: a 4-year longitudinal study. J Pediatr Psychol 2009; 34: 254-270 EK III
• 248 Helgeson VS, Snyder PR, Escobar O. et al. Comparison of adolescents with and without diabetes on indices of psychosocial functioning for three years. J Pediatr Psychol 2007; 32: 794-806 EK IIb
• 249 Helgeson VS, Viccaro L, Becker D. et al. Diet of adolescents with and without diabetes: Trading candy for potato chips?. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 982-987 EK III
• 250 Hellems MA, Clarke WL.. Safe at school: a Virginia experience. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1396-1398 EK III
• 251 Hermann JM, Hammes HP, Rami-Merhar B. et al. HbA1c variability as an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: a German/Austrian multicenter analysis on 35 891 patients. PLoS One 2014; 9: e91 137
• 252 Herzer M, Hood KK.. Anxiety symptoms in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: association with blood glucose monitoring and glycemic control. J Pediatr Psychol 2010; 35: 415-425 EK III
• 253 Herzer M, Vesco A, Ingerski LM. et al. Explaining the family conflictglycemic control link through psychological variables in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Behav Med 2011; 34: 268-274 EK III
• 254 Hieftje K, Edelman EJ, Camenga DR. et al. Electronic media-based health interventions promoting behavior change in youth: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167: 574-580 EK Ia
• 255 Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS. et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40: 1-19 EK III
• 256 Hilliard ME, Herzer M, Dolan LM. et al. Psychological screening in adolescents with type 1 diabetes predicts outcomes one year later. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94: 39-44 EK III
• 257 Hirsch IB, Abelseth J, Bode BW. et al. Sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy: results of the first randomized treat-to-target study. Diabetes Technol Ther 2008; 10: 377-383 EK Ib
• 258 Hoey H.. Psychosocial factors are associated with metabolic control in adolescents: research from the Hvidoere Study Group on Childhood Diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 10 (Suppl. 13) 9-14 EK IIb
• 259 Holl RW, Grabert M. Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes–Entwicklungen der letzten 19 Jahre. In: Holl RW, Grabert M, Hrsg. Deutsche Diabetes-Hilfe. Gesundheitsbericht Diabetes. 2015. S. 128-138 EK III
• 260 Holl RW, Grabert M, Heinze E. et al. Age at onset and long-term metabolic control affect height in type-1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Pediatr 1998; 157: 972-977 EK III
• 261 Holl RW, Heinze E.. Dawn- oder Somogyi-Phänomen? Hohe morgendliche Nüchternblutzuckerwerte bei jugendlichen Typ-1-Diabetikern. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1992; 117: 1503-1507 EK III
• 262 Holl RW, Lang GE, Grabert M. et al. Diabetic retinopathy in pediatric patients with type-1 diabetes: effect of diabetes duration, prepubertal and pubertal onset of diabetes, and metabolic control. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 790-794 EK III
• 263 Holl RW, Pavlovic M, Heinze E. et al. Circadian blood pressure during the early course of type 1 diabetes. Analysis of 1011 ambulatory blood pressure recordings in 354 adolescents and young adults. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1151-1157 EK III
• 264 Holl RW, Wolf A, Heinze E. et al. Nicht-immunologisch bedingte Formen des Diabetes mellitus bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1997; 145: 159-176 EK III
• 265 Hölling H, Erhart M, Ravens-Sieberer U. et al. Verhaltensauffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Erste Ergebnisse aus dem Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50: 784-793 EK III
• 266 Hölling H, Schlack R.. Essstörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Erste Ergebnisse aus dem Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50: 794-799 EK III
• 267 Hölling H, Schlack R, Petermann F. et al. Psychische Auffälligkeiten und psychosoziale Beeinträchtigungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 3 bis 17 Jahren in Deutschland–Prävalenz und zeitliche Trends zu 2 Erhebungszeitpunkten (2003–2006 und 2009–2012). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014; 57: 807-819 EK IIb
• 268 Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA. et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1577-1589 EK Ib
• 269 Holmes CS, Chen R, Streisand R. et al. Predictors of youth diabetes care behaviors and metabolic control: a structural equation modeling approach. J Pediatr Psychol 2006; 31: 770-784 EK III
• 270 Holterhus PM, Odendahl R, Oesingmann S. et al. Classification of distinct baseline insulin infusion patterns in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 568-573 EK IIb–III
• 271 Hommel E, Olsen B, Battelino T. et al. Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and use of medical care resources: analyses from the SWITCH study. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51: 845-851 EK Ib
• 272 Hood KK, Huestis S, Maher A. et al. Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: association with diabetesspecific characteristics. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1389-1391 EK III
• 273 Hood KK, Rausch JR, Dolan LM.. Depressive symptoms predict change in glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: rates, magnitude, and moderators of change. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12: 718-723 EK III
• 274 Hood KK, Rohan JM, Peterson CM. et al. Interventions with adherence- promoting components in pediatric type 1 diabetes: metaanalysis of their impact on glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1658-1664 EK Ia
• 275 Horsch A, McManus F, Kennedy P. et al. Anxiety, depressive, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in mothers of children with type 1 diabetes. J Trauma Stress 2007; 20: 881-891 EK III
• 276 Hovorka R, Elleri D, Thabit H. et al. Overnight closed-loop insulin delivery in young people with type 1 diabetes: a free-living, randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 1204-1211 EK Ib
• 277 Howell WH, McNamara DJ, Tosca MA. et al. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 1747-1764 EK Ia
• 278 Hu FB, Cho E, Rexrode KM. et al. Fish and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease and total mortality in diabetic women. Circulation 2003; 107: 1852-1857 EK III
• 279 Hürter A, Otten A.. Familien mit diabetischen Kindern und Jugendlichen: Psychische und soziale Probleme und der Wunsch nach psychologischer Hilfe im Vergleich mit anderen chronischen Erkrankungen. In: Roth R, Borkenstein M, Hrsg.: Psychosoziale Aspekte in der Betreuung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes. Basel: Karger; 1991: 150-159 EK III
• 280 Hürter P, Bürger W, Schober E. et al. Qualitätssicherung in der Pädiatrischen Diabetologie. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1995; 143: 1146-1149 EK IV
• 281 Hürter P, von Schütz W, Lange K.. Kinder und Jugendliche mit Diabetes. Medizinischer und psychologischer Ratgeber für Eltern. 3. Auflage. Berlin: Springer; 2012
• 282 Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabo IR. et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 54: 136-160 EK IV
• 283 Hutchinson A, McIntosh A, Peters J. et al. Effectiveness of screening and monitoring tests for diabetic retinopathy–a systematic review. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 495-506 EK IIa
• 284 Icks A, Razum O, Rosenbauer J. et al. Lower frequency of insulin pump treatment in children and adolescents of Turkish background with type 1 diabetes: analysis of 21 497 patients in Germany. Diabetes Technol Ther 2012; 14: 1105-1109 EK IIb
• 285 Icks A, Rosenbauer J, Holl RW. et al. Increased hospitalization with longer distance from treatment centre in diabetic paediatric patients in Germany. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 1068-1069 EK IIb-III
• 286 Icks A, Rosenbauer J, Strassburger K. et al. Persistent social disparities in the risk of hospital admission of paediatric diabetic patients in Germany-prospective data from 1277 diabetic children and adolescents. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 440-442 EK III
• 287 Ingerski LM, Laffel L, Drotar D. et al. Correlates of glycemic control and quality of life outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 563-571 EK III
• 288 Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG): Kurzwirksame Insulinanaloga zur Behandlung des Diabetes mellitus Typ 1. Abschlussbericht. Auftrag A05–02. Version 1.0. Stand: 30.03.2007. Köln: IQWiG; 2007
• 289 International Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Glucose concentrations of less than 3.0mmol/L (54mg/dL) should be reported in clinical trials: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 155-157
• 290 International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD). Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 1-290
• 291 Irgens HU, Molnes J, Johansson BB. et al. Prevalence of monogenic diabetes in the population-based Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry. Diabetologia 2013; 56: 1512-1519
• 292 Jacobson AM, Hauser ST, Lavori P. et al. Family environment and glycemic control: a four-year prospective study of children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Psychosom Med 1994; 56: 401-409 EK III
• 293 Jacobson AM, Hauser ST, Willett J. et al. Consequences of irregular versus continuous medical follow- up in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 1997; 131: 727-733 EK III
• 294 Jacobson AM, Musen G, Ryan CM. et al. Longterm effect of diabetes and its treatment on cognitive function. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1842-1852 EK Ib
• 295 Janner M, Knill SE, Diem P. et al. Persistent microalbuminuria in adolescents with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is associated to early rather than late puberty. Results of a prospective longitudinal study. Eur J Pediatr 1994; 153: 403-408 EK IIb
• 296 Jefferies C, Solomon M, Perlman K. et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2005; 147: 396-398 EK IIb
• 297 Jefferson IG, Swift PG, Skinner TC. et al. Diabetes services in the UK: third national survey confirms continuing deficiencies. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88: 53-56 EK III
• 298 Jeitler K, Horvath K, Berghold A. et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily insulin injections in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 941-951 Ia
• 299 Johansson S, Irgens H, Chudasama KK. et al. Exome sequencing and genetic testing for MODY. PLoS One 2012; 7: e38 050
• 300 Jones CA, Leese GP, Kerr S. et al. Development and progression of microalbuminuria in a clinic sample of patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Dis Child 1998; 78: 518-523 EK III
• 301 Jones KL, Arslanian S, Peterokova VA. et al. Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 89-94 EK Ib
• 302 Kalk WJ, Osler C, Constable J. et al. Influence of dietary protein on glomerular filtration and urinary albumin excretion in insulin-dependent diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56: 169-173 EK III
• 303 Kapellen T, Vogel C, Telleis D. et al. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) with 2 different regimens regarding fluid substitution and insulin dosage (0.025 vs. 0.1 units/kg/h). Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2012; 120: 273-276 EK III
• 304 Kapellen TM, Klinkert C, Heidtmann B. et al. Insulin pump treatment in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: experiences of the German working group for insulin pump treatment in pediatric patients. Postgrad Med 2010; 122: 98-105
• 305 Karges B, Muche R, Knerr I. et al. Levothyroxine in euthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 1647-1652 EK Ib
• 306 Karges B, Rosenbauer J, Holterhus PM. et al. Hospital admission for diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia in 31 330 young patients with type 1 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173: 341-350 EK III
• 307 Karges B, Rosenbauer J, Kapellen T. et al. Hemoglobin A1c Levels and risk of severe hypoglycemia in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes from Germany and Austria: a trend analysis in a cohort of 37 539 patients between 1995 and 2012. PLoS Med 2014; 11: e1001 742 EK III
• 308 Karges B, Schwandt A, Heidtmann B. et al. Association of Insulin Pump Therapy vs. Insulin Injection Therapy With Severe Hypoglycemia, Ketoacidosis, and Glycemic Control Among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. JAMA 2017; 318: 1358-1366
• 309 Katan MB, Zock PL, Mensink RP.. Dietary oils, serum lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 1368S-1373S EK Ia
• 310 Katz ML, Volkening LK, Butler DA. et al. Family-based psychoeducation and Care Ambassador intervention to improve glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes: a randomized trial. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 142-150 EK Ib
• 311 Keane S, Gallagher A, Ackroyd S. et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis during diabetic ketoacidosis. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86: 204-205 EK IV
• 312 Kellerer M, Danne T.. Praxis-Leitlinien der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft. Diabet Stoffw 2010; 5: S107-S108
• 313 Kellerer M, Siegel E. Hrsg. Praxisleitlinien der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft. Diabet Stoffw 2014; 9: S95-S228
• 314 Kempf K, Rathmann W, Herder C.. Impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24: 427-437 EK IIb-III
• 315 Kiess W, Bottner A, Raile K. et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents: a review from a European perspective. Horm Res 2003; 59 (Suppl. 01) 77-84 EK III
• 316 Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL.. The effect of glucose variability on the risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1486-1490 EK IIa
• 317 Kintzel R, Holl R, Haberland H. et al. Die diabetische Ketoazidose bei Erkrankungsbeginn im Kindes- und Jugendalter in der Bundesrepublik. Diab Stoffw 2003; 12: 8-12 EK IIb
• 318 Klupa T, Kowalska I, Wyka K. et al. Mutations in the ABCC8 gene are associated with a variable clinical phenotype. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 71: 358-362 EK III
• 319 Knerr I, Dost A, Lepler R. et al. Tracking and prediction of arterial blood pressure from childhood to young adulthood in 868 patients with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter longitudinal survey in Germany and Austria. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 726-727 EK IIb-III
• 320 Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE. et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393-403 EK Ib
• 321 Koch C, Rainisio M, Madessani U. et al. Presence of cystic fibrosisrelated diabetes mellitus is tightly linked to poor lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis: data from the European Epidemiologic Registry of Cystic Fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001; 32: 343-350 EK III
• 322 Koletzko B, Broekaert I, Kreuder J. et al. Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Hyperlipidämien bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, APS, (2007)
• 323 Kongkaew C, Jampachaisri K, Chaturongkul CA. et al. Depression and adherence to treatment in diabetic children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173: 203-212 EK Ia
• 324 Konrad K, Scheuing N, Badenhoop K. et al. Cystic fibrosis- related diabetes compared with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013; 29: 568-575
• 325 Konrad K, Thon A, Fritsch M. et al. Comparison of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes with type 1 diabetes based on a German/Austrian Pediatric Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 879-886 EK III
• 326 Kordonouri O, Biester T, Schnell K. et al. Lipoatrophy in children with type 1 diabetes: an increasing incidence?. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2015; 9: 206-208 EK III
• 327 Kordonouri O, Charpentier N, Hartmann R.. GADA positivity at onset of type 1 diabetes is a risk factor for the development of autoimmune thyroiditis. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12: 31-33 EK IIb
• 328 Kordonouri O, Deiss D, Danne T. et al. Predictivity of thyroid autoantibodies for the development of thyroid disorders in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2002; 19: 518-521 EK III
• 329 Kordonouri O, Hartmann R, Lauterborn R. et al. Age-specific advantages of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion as compared with multiple daily injections in pediatric patients: one-year follow-up comparison by matched-pair analysis. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 133-134 EK IIa
• 330 Kordonouri O, Klingensmith G, Knip M. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Other complications and diabetes-associated conditions in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 270-278 EK IV
• 331 Kordonouri O, Klinghammer A, Lang EB. et al. Thyroid autoimmunity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter survey. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1346-1350 EK III
• 332 Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M. et al. Other complications and associated conditions. In: International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Hrsg. Global IDF/ISPAD Guideline for Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence. Brussels 2011; 124-128 EK IV
• 333 Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006–2007. Other complications and associated conditions. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 171-176
• 334 Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006–2007. Other complications and associated conditions. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 171-176 EK IV
• 335 Korhonen T, Huttunen JK, Aro A. et al. A controlled trial on the effects of patient education in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Care 1983; 6: 256-261 EK Ib
• 336 Koster JC, Cadario F, Peruzzi C. et al. The G53D mutation in Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) is associated with neonatal diabetes and motor dysfunction in adulthood that is improved with sulfonylurea therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 1054-1061 EK III
• 337 Kovacs M, Feinberg TL, Paulauskas S. et al. Initial coping responses and psychosocial characteristics of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 1985; 106: 827-834 EK III
• 338 Kovacs M, Ho V, Pollock MH.. Criterion and predictive validity of the diagnosis of adjustment disorder: a prospective study of youths with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 523-528 EK III
• 339 Kovacs M, Iyengar S, Goldston D. et al. Psychological functioning among mothers of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal study. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990; 58: 189-195 EK III
• 340 Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Wabitsch M, Kunze D. et al. Perzentile für den Body-mass-Index für das Kindes- und Jugendalter unter Heranziehung verschiedener deutscher Stichproben. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2001; 149: 807-818 EK III
• 341 Kulzer B, Albus C, Herpertz S. et al. Psychosoziales und Diabetes (Teil 1). S2-Leitlinie Psychosoziales und Diabetes – Langfassung. Diabet Stoffw 2013; 8: 198-242 EK IV
• 342 Kulzer B, Albus C, Herpertz S. et al. Psychosoziales und Diabetes (Teil 2). S2-Leitlinie Psychosoziales und Diabetes–Langfassung. Diabet Stoffw 2013; 8: 292-324 EK IV
• 343 Kurth BM, Schaffrath RA.. Die Verbreitung von Übergewicht und Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Ergebnisse des bundesweiten Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurveys (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50: 736-743 EK III
• 344 l'Allemand D, Wiegand S, Reinehr T. et al. Cardiovascular risk in 26 008 European overweight children as established by a multicenter database. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1672-1679 EK IIb-III
• 345 Laffel LM, Limbert C, Phelan H. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consen-sus Guidelines 2018: Sick day management in children andadolescents with diabetes. PediatrDiabetes. 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 193-204
• 346 Laffel LM, Vangsness L, Connell A. et al. Impact of ambulatory, family-focused teamwork intervention on glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 2003; 142: 409-416 EK IIb
• 347 Laffel LM, Vangsness L, Connell A. et al. Impact of ambulatory, family-focused teamwork intervention on glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 2003; 142: 409-416 EK IIa
• 348 Laffel LM, Wentzell K, Loughlin C. et al. Sick day management using blood 3-hydroxybutyrate (3- OHB) compared with urine ketone monitoring reduces hospital visits in young people with T1DM: a randomized clinical trial. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 278-284 EK Ib
• 349 Laguna TA, Nathan BM, Moran A.. Managing diabetes in cystic fibrosis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12: 858-864 EK IV
• 350 Lampeter EF, Klinghammer A, Scherbaum WA. et al. The Deutsche Nicotinamide Intervention Study: an attempt to prevent type 1 diabetes. DENIS Group.Diabetes. 1998; 47: 980-984 EK Ib
• 351 Landolt MA, Ribi K, Laimbacher J. et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2002; 27: 647-652 EK III
• 352 Lange K, Burger W, Holl R. et al. Diabetes bei Jugendlichen: ein Schulungsprogramm. Mainz: Kirchheim; 2009
• 353 Lange K, Danne T, Kordonouri O. et al. Diabetesmanifestation im Kindesalter: Alltagsbelastungen und berufliche Entwicklung der Eltern. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2004; 129: 1130-1134 EK III
• 354 Lange K, Hildebrandt S, Danne T.. Diabetesversorgung in der Pädiatrie – Leitlinien und Realität. Ergebnisse zweier bundesweiter Umfragen von 1998 und 2003. Dtsch Arztebl 2007; 104 A-2121–2126, EK III
• 355 Lange K, Hürter P.. Effekte einer strukturierten Diabetesschulung für Jugendliche auf Stoffwechsel, Wissen, Wohlbefinden und Selbständigkeit – Ergebnisse einer multizentrischen Studie. Diabet Stoffw 1998; 7: 62 EK IIb
• 356 Lange K, Kinderling S, Hürter P.. Eine multizentrische Studie zur Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität eines strukturierten Schulungsprogramms. Diabet Stoffw 2001; 10: 59-65 EK III
• 357 Lange K, Kleine T, Danne T.. Initialschulung für Eltern von Kindern mit Diabetes: Aufwand und Effekte bei Kindern und Eltern. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2011; 136: 1106-1110 EK IIb
• 358 Lange K, Klotmann S, Sassmann H. et al. A pediatric diabetes toolbox for creating centres of reference. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 49-61 EK IV
• 359 Lange K, Matthaei S, Lueg A. et al. Life chances (''Lebenschancen'') of young adults with onset of type 1 diabetes during Childhood. Pediatric Diabetes 2013; 14: 35 EK IIb
• 360 Lange K, Remus K, Bläsig S. et al. Diabetes bei Kindern: ein Behandlungs- und Schulungsprogramm. Mainz: Kirchheim; 2013
• 361 Lange K, Stachow U, Kurzinsky R. et al. Pädiatrische Betreuung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes. Eine bundesweite Umfrage der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie in der Deutschen Diabetes-Gesellschaft und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin. Diabet Stoffw 2002; 11: 14-22 EK III
• 362 Lange K, Swift P, Pankowska E. et al. Diabetes education in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes 2014; 15: 77-85 EK IV
• 363 Lange K, Swift P, Pankowska E. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Diabetes education in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 (Suppl. 20) 77-85 EK IV
• 364 Lange K, von Schütz W, Neu A. et al. Diabetesschulung. Schulungsprogramme und Curricula für Kinder, Jugendliche mit Typ 1 Diabetes, deren Eltern und andere Betreuer, Lengerich: Pabst; 2014
• 365 Lango AH, Flanagan SE, Shaw-Smith C. et al. GATA6 haploinsufficiency causes pancreatic agenesis in humans. Nat Genet 2012; 44: 20-22
• 366 Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Lund-Andersen C. et al. Diabetes mellitus in Danish cystic fibrosis patients: prevalence and late diabetic complications. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83: 72-77 EK IIb–III
• 367 Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Nerup J. et al. Influence of the development of diabetes mellitus on clinical status in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Pediatr 1992; 151: 684-687 EK III
• 368 Laron Z, Galatzer A, Amir S. et al. A multidisciplinary, comprehensive, ambulatory treatment scheme for diabetes mellitus in children. Diabetes Care 1979; 2: 342-348 EK III
• 369 Larsson K, Carlsson A, Cederwall E. et al. Annual screening detects celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 354-359 EK IIb
• 370 Lawrence JM, Standiford DA, Loots B. et al. Prevalence and correlates of depressed mood among youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 1348-1358 EK IIb
• 371 Lawrence JM, Standiford DA, Loots B. et al. Prevalence and correlates of depressed mood among youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 1348-1358 EK IV
• 372 Lazarus J, Brown RS, Daumerie C. et al. 2014 European thyroid association guidelines for the management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy and in children. Eur Thyroid J 2014; 3: 76-94 EK IV
• 373 Lehmkuhl HD, Storch EA, Cammarata C. et al. Telehealth behavior therapy for the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2010; 4: 199-208 EK Ib
• 374 Levene LS, McNally PG, Fraser RC. et al. What characteristics are associated with screening positive for microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes in the community?. Pract Diabet Int 2004; 21: 287-292 EK III
• 375 Levin DL.. Cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008; 9: 320-329 EK III
• 376 Levy-Marchal C, Patterson CC, Green A.. Geographical variation of presentation at diagnosis of type I diabetes in children: the EURODIAB study. European and Dibetes. Diabetologia 2001; 44 (Suppl. 03) B75-B80 EK III
• 377 Levy-Shraga Y, Elisha N, Ben-Ami M. et al. Glycemic control and clinic attendance of emerging adults with type 1 diabetes at a transition care clinic. Acta Diabetol. 2015 EK III
• 378 Lewis HM, Renaula TL, Garioch JJ. et al. Protective effect of gluten-free diet against development of lymphoma in dermatitis herpetiformis. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135: 363-367 EK IIa
• 379 Liberatore Jr. RR, Barbosa SF, Alkimin MG. et al. Is immunity in diabetic patients influencing the susceptibility to infections? Immunoglobulins, complement and phagocytic function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2005; 6: 206-212 EK III
• 380 Lin A, Northam EA, Rankins D. et al. Neuropsychological profiles of young people with type 1 diabetes 12 yr after disease onset. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 235-243 EK IIb
• 381 Lind M, Svensson AM, Kosiborod M. et al. Glycemic control and excess mortality in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1972-1982 EK III
• 382 Lindstrom C, Aman J, Norberg AL.. Parental burnout in relation to sociodemographic, psychosocial and personality factors as well as disease duration and glycaemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100: 1011-1017 EK III
• 383 Lindstrom J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M. et al. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet 2006; 368: 1673-1679 EK Ib
• 384 Liu C, Wu D, Zheng X. et al. Efficacy and safety of metformin for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a metaanalysis. Diabetes Technol Ther 2015; 17: 142-148 EK 1b
• 385 Lorini R, Klersy C, d'Annunzio G. et al. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young in children with incidental hyperglycemia: a multicenter Italian study of 172 families. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1864-1866
• 386 Lorini R, Scotta MS, Cortona L. et al. Celiac disease and type I (insulindependent) diabetes mellitus in childhood: follow-up study. J Diabetes Complications 1996; 10: 154-159 EK III
• 387 Ludvigsson J, Bolli GB.. Intensive insulin treatment in diabetic children. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2001; 14: 292-304 EK IIb
• 388 Ludvigsson J, Krisky D, Casas R. et al. GAD65 antigen therapy in recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 433-342
• 389 Ludwig-Seibold CU, Holder M, Rami B. et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: analysis from the prospective DPV diabetes documentation and quality management system from Germany and Austria. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 12-14
• 390 Ly TT, Maahs DM, Rewers A. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 (Suppl. 20) 180-192 EK IV
• 391 Ly TT, Nicholas JA, Retterath A. et al. Effect of sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy and au-tomated insulin suspension vs standard insulin pump therapy on hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013; 310: 1240-1247 EK Ib
• 392 Maahs DM, Calhoun P, Buckingham BA. et al. A randomized trial of a home system to reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 1885-1891 EK Ib
• 393 Maahs DM, Hermann JM, DuBose SN. et al. Contrasting the clinical care and outcomes of 2622 children with type 1 diabetes less than 6 years of age in the United States T1D Exchange and German/Austrian DPV registries. Diabetologia 2014; 57: 1578-1585 EK III
• 394 Mahmud FH, Elbarbary NS, Fröhlich-Reiterer E. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Other complications and associated conditions in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 275-286
• 395 Mann JI, De Leeuw I, Hermansen K. et al. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2004; 14: 373-394
• 396 Mannucci E, Rotella F, Ricca V. et al. Eating disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes: a meta- analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28: 417-419 EK Ia
• 397 Margeirsdottir HD, Larsen JR, Brunborg C. et al. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a population- based study. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 554-561 IIb-III
• 398 Markowitz JT, Butler DA, Volkening LK. et al. Brief screening tool for disordered eating in diabetes: internal consistency and external validity in a contemporary sample of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 495-500 EK III
• 399 Martin D, Lange K, Sima A. et al. Recommendations for age-appropriate education of children and adolescents with diabetes and their parents in the European Union. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13 (Suppl. 16) 20-28 EK IV
• 400 Marzelli MJ, Mazaika PK, Barnea-Goraly N. et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of dysglycemia in young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63: 343-353 EK III
• 401 Mathiesen ER, Saurbrey N, Hommel E. et al. Prevalence of microalbuminuria in children with type 1 (insulindependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1986; 29: 640-643 EK III
• 402 Matthaei S, Bierwirth R, Fritsche A. et al. Medikamentöse antihyperglykämische Therapie des Diabetes mellitus Typ 2. Update der Evidenzbasierten Leitlinie der Deutschen Diabetes-Gesellschaft (2008). Im Internet: http://www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de/ fileadmin/Redakteur/Leitlinien/Evidenzbasierte_Leitlinien/EBL_Dm_Typ2_Update_2008.pdf
• 403 Mauras N, Beck R, Xing D. et al. A randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in the management of type 1 diabetes in young children aged 4 to < 10 years. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 204-210 EK Ib
• 404 Mayer-Davis EJ, Kahkoska AR, Jefferies C. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 7-19
• 405 McBroom LA, Enriquez M.. Review of family-centered interventions to enhance the health outcomes of children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2009; 35: 428-438 EK Ia
• 406 McDonald TJ, Ellard S.. Maturity onset diabetes of the young: identification and diagnosis. Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 50: 403-415 EK III
• 407 McKnight JA, Wild SH, Lamb MJ. et al. Glycaemic control of Type 1 diabetes in clinical practice early in the 21st century: an international comparison. Diabet Med 2015; 32: 1036-1050 EK IIb
• 408 Meltzer LJ, Johnson SB, Prine JM. et al. Disordered eating, body mass, and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 678-682 EK III
• 409 Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD. et al. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1146-1155 EK Ia
• 410 Milla CE, Warwick WJ, Moran A.. Trends in pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis correlate with the degree of glucose intolerance at baseline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 891-895 EK III
• 411 Miller KM, Beck RW, Bergenstal RM. et al. Evidence of a strong association between frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in T1D exchange clinic registry participants. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 2009-2014 EK III
• 412 Miller-Johnson S, Emery RE, Marvin RS. et al. Parent-child relationships and the management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994; 62: 603-610 EK III
• 413 Misso ML, Egberts KJ, Page M. et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) versus multiple insulin injections for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD005 103 Ia
• 414 Mlynarski W, Tarasov AI, Gach A. et al. Sulfonylurea improves CNS function in a case of intermediate DEND syndrome caused by a mutation in KCNJ11. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007; 3: 640-645 EK III
• 415 Mohn A, Di MS, Di LR. et al. The effect of subclinical hypothyroidism on metabolic control in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2002; 19: 70-73 EK IIa
• 416 Monetini L, Cavallo MG, Stefanini L. et al. Bovine beta-casein antibodies in breast- and bottle-fed infants: their relevance in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2001; 17: 51-54 EK III
• 417 Moore WV, Donaldson DL, Chonko AM. et al. Ambulatory blood pressure in type I diabetes mellitus. Comparison to presence of incipient nephropathy in adolescents and young adults. Diabetes 1992; 41: 1035-1041 EK IIb
• 418 Morris LR, Murphy MB, Kitabchi AE.. Bicarbonate therapy in severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105: 836-840
• 419 Mortensen HB, Hougaard P, Ibsen KK. et al. Relationship between blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion rate in young Danish type 1 diabetic patients: comparison to non-diabetic children. Danish Study Group of Diabetes in Childhood. Diabet Med 1994; 11: 155-161 EK IIa
• 420 Mortensen HB, Lindholm A, Olsen BS. et al. Rapid appearance and onset of action of insulin aspart in paediatric subjects with type 1 diabetes. Eur J Pediatr 2000; 159: 483-488 EK Ib
• 421 Mortensen HB, Robertson KJ, Aanstoot HJ. et al. Insulin management and metabolic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence in 18 countries. Hvidore Study Group on Childhood Diabetes. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 752-759 EK III
• 422 Muir AB, Quisling RG, Yang MC. et al. Cerebral edema in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis: natural history, radiographic findings, and early identification. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1541-1546 EK IIb-III
• 423 Mulvaney SA, Rothman RL, Osborn CY. et al. Self-management problem solving for adolescents with type 1 diabetes: intervention processes associated with an Internet program. Patient Educ Couns 2011; 85: 140-142 EK IIb
• 424 Mulvaney SA, Rothman RL, Wallston KA. et al. An internet-based program to improve self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 602-604 EK IIb
• 425 Murphy HR, Rayman G, Skinner TC.. Psycho-educational interventions for children and young people with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 935-943 EK Ia
• 426 Murphy HR, Rayman G, Skinner TC.. Psycho-educational interventions for children and young people with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 935-943 EK Ib
• 427 Murphy R, Ellard S, Hattersley AT.. Clinical implications of a molecular genetic classification of monogenic beta-cell diabetes. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008; 4: 200-213 EK IV
• 428 Musen G, Jacobson AM, Ryan CM. et al. Impact of diabetes and its treatment on cognitive function among adolescents who participated in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1933-1938 EK Ib
• 429 Naar-King S, Idalski A, Ellis D. et al. Gender differences in adherence and metabolic control in urban youth with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: the mediating role of mental health symptoms. J Pediatr Psychol 2006; 31: 793-802 EK III
• 430 Nadeau KJ, Klingensmith G, Zeitler P.. Type 2 diabetes in children is frequently associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41: 94-98 EK IIb-III
• 431 Naguib JM, Kulinskaya E, Lomax CL. et al. Neurocognitive performance in children with type 1 diabetes–a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Psychol 2009; 34: 271-282 EK Ib
• 432 Nahata L.. Insulin therapy in pediatric patients with type I diabetes: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006; 45: 503-508 EK Ia
• 433 Nakhla M, Daneman D, Frank M. et al. Translating transition: a critical review of the diabetes literature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2008; 21: 507-516 EK III
• 434 Nallasamy K, Jayashree M, Singhi S. et al. Low-dose vs standard-dose insulin in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168: 999-1005 EK Ib
• 435 Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ, Liu A.. Clinic-integrated behavioral intervention for families of youth with type 1 diabetes: randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e866-e873 EK Ib
• 436 Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ, Simons-Morton BG. et al. Diabetes personal trainer outcomes: short-term and 1-year outcomes of a diabetes personal trainer intervention among youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2471-2477 EK IIb
• 437 Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ, Simons-Morton BG. et al. Long-term maintenance of treatment outcomes: diabetes personal trainer intervention for youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 807-809 EK IIb
• 438 Nardi L, Zucchini S, D'Alberton F. et al. Quality of life, psychological adjustment and metabolic control in youths with type 1 diabetes: a study with self- and parent-report questionnaires. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 496-503 EK III
• 439 Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY. et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2643-2653 EK Ib
• 440 Neu A, Ehehalt S, Bendas A. et al. Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in Germany: a nationwide survey over a period of ten years. Pediatric Diabetes 2013; 14: 119
• 441 Neu A, Ehehalt S, Feldhahn LM. et al. Diabeteshäufigkeit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland – 20 Jahre Diabetes-Inzidenzregister Baden-Württemberg. Diabetologie 2008; 309-313
• 442 Neu A, Ehehalt S, Willasch A. et al. Rising incidence of type 1 diabetes in Germany: 12-year trend analysis in children 0–14 years of age. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 785-786 EK IIa
• 443 Neu A, Feldhahn L, Ehehalt S. et al. No change in type 2 diabetes prevalence in children and ado-lescents over 10 years: Update of a population-based surveyin South Germany. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19: 637-639
• 444 Neu A, Feldhahn L, Ehehalt S. et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and MODY in children and adolescents. A state-wide study in Baden- Wuerttemberg (Germany). Pediatr Diabetes 2005; 6: 27-28 EK III
• 445 Neu A, Hofer SE, Karges B. et al. Ketoacidosis at diabetes onset is still frequent in children and adolescents: a multicenter analysis of 14 664 patients from 106 institutions. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1647-1648 EK IIb
• 446 Neu A, Lange K, Lösch-Binder M. et al. Diabetes – na und? DVD mit drei Informationsfilmen für Lehrer/innen von Kindern mit Diabetes zum Einsatz im Unterricht. Hrsg. von Arbeitsgemeinschaft pädiatrische Diabetologie (AGPD); 2011
• 447 Neu A, Losch-Binder M, Ehehalt S. et al. Follow-up of adolescents with diabetes after transition from paediatric to adult care: results of a 10-year prospective study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2010; 118: 353-355 EK III
• 448 Neu A, Willasch A, Ehehalt S. et al. Ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children–frequency and clinical presentation. Pediatr Diabetes 2003; 4: 77-81 EK III
• 449 Neuhauser H, Schienkiewitz A, Schaffrath RA. et al. Referenzperzentile für anthropometrische Maßzahlen und Blutdruck aus der Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (KiGGS). 2. erweiterte Auflage, RKI, Berlin. 2013
• 450 Neuhauser HK, Thamm M, Ellert U. et al. Blood pressure percentiles by age and height from nonoverweight children and adolescents in Germany. Pediatrics 2011; 127: e978-e988
• 451 Nichols PJ, Norris SL.. A systematic literature review of the effectiveness of diabetes education of school personnel. Diabetes Educ 2002; 28: 405-414 EK III
• 452 Nieuwesteeg A, Pouwer F, van der Kamp R. et al. Quality of life of children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2012; 8: 434-443 EK III
• 453 Nimri R, Muller I, Atlas E. et al. MD-Logic overnight control for 6 weeks of home use in patients with type 1 diabetes: randomized crossover trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 3025-3032 EK Ib
• 454 Nimri R, Weintrob N, Benzaquen H. et al. Insulin pump therapy in youth with type 1 diabetes: a retrospective paired study. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 2126-2131 EK IIb-III
• 455 Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J.. Adverse events in intensively treated children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88: 1184-1193 EK IIb
• 456 Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J.. Fear and other disturbances of severe hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18: 83-91 EK III
• 457 Nordwall M, Hyllienmark L, Ludvigsson J.. Early diabetic complications in a population of young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus despite intensive treatment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2006; 19: 45-54 EK III
• 458 Norris JM, Barriga K, Klingensmith G. et al. Timing of initial cereal exposure in infancy and risk of islet autoimmunity. JAMA 2003; 290: 1713-1720 EK III
• 459 Northam EA, Anderson PJ, Werther GA. et al. Neuropsychological complications of IDDM inchildren 2 years after disease onset. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 379-384 EK III
• 460 Northam EA, Matthews LK, Anderson PJ. et al. Psychiatric morbidity and health outcome in Type 1 diabetes–perspectives from a prospective longitudinal study. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 152-157 EK III
• 461 Northam EA, Todd S, Cameron FJ.. Interventions to promote optimal health outcomes in children with Type 1 diabetes– are they effective?. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 113-121 EK Ia-III
• 462 Nousia-Arvanitakis S, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Karamouzis M.. Insulin improves clinical status of patients with cystic-fibrosis- related diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90: 515-519 EK III
• 463 O'Hayon BE, Cummings EA, Daneman D. et al. Does dietary protein intake correlate with markers suggestive of early diabetic nephropathy in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 708-712 EK III
• 464 O'Riordan SM, Robinson PD, Donaghue KC. et al. Management of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 338-344
• 465 Okuda Y, Adrogue HJ, Field JB. et al. Counterproductive effects of sodium bicarbonate in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 314-320
• 466 Olmsted MP, Daneman D, Rydall AC. et al. The effects of psychoeducation on disturbed eating attitudes and behavior in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int J Eat Disord 2002; 32: 230-239 EK Ib
• 467 Overby NC, Margeirsdottir HD, Brunborg C. et al. The influence of dietary intake and meal pattern on blood glucose control in children and adoles- cents using intensive insulin treatment. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 2044-2051 EK IIb
• 468 Overstreet S, Goins J, Chen RS. et al. Family environment and the interrelation of family structure, child behavior, and metabolic control for children with diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 1995; 20: 435-447 EK IIa
• 469 Pankowska E, Blazik M, Dziechciarz P. et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs. multiple daily injections in children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008 EK Ia
• 470 Pankowska E, Szypowska A, Lipka M. et al. Sustained metabolic control and low rates of severe hypoglycaemic episodes in preschool diabetic children treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96: 881-884 EK IIb-III
• 471 Pattison HM, Moledina S, Barrett TG.. The relationship between parental perceptions of diabetes and glycaemic control. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 487-490 EK III
• 472 Pavlovic MD, Milenkovic T, Dinic M. et al. The prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1964-1967 EK III
• 473 Pearson ER, Flechtner I, Njolstad PR. et al. Switching from insulin to oral sulfonylureas in patients with diabetes due to Kir6.2 mutations. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 467-477 EK III
• 474 Pearson ER, Liddell WG, Shepherd M. et al. Sensitivity to sulphonylureas in patients with hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha gene mutations: evidence for pharmacogenetics in diabetes. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 543-545 EK III
• 475 Perantie DC, Lim A, Wu J. et al. Effects of prior hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia on cognition in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 87-95 EK III
• 476 Persson S, Dahlquist G, Gerdtham UG. et al. Impact of childhoodonset type 1 diabetes on schooling: a populationbased register study. Diabetologia 2013; 56: 1254-1262 EK IIb
• 477 Peterson DB, Lambert J, Gerring S. et al. Sucrose in the diet of diabetic patients–just another carbohydrate?. Diabetologia 1986; 29: 216-220 EK Ib
• 478 Peyrot M, Rubin RR.. Behavioral and psychosocial interventions in diabetes: a conceptual review. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2433-2440 EK Ib
• 479 Peyrot M, Rubin RR.. Treatment satisfaction in the sensoraugmented pump therapy for A1C reduction 3 (STAR 3) trial. Diabet Med 2013; 30: 464-467 EK Ib
• 480 Phillip M, Battelino T, Atlas E. et al. Nocturnal glucose control with an artificial pancreas at a diabetes camp. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 824-833 EK Ib
• 481 Phillip M, Battelino T, Rodriguez H. et al. Use of insulin pump therapy in the pediatric age-group: consensus statement from the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, endorsed by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1653-1662
• 482 Philotheou A, Arslanian S, Blatniczky L. et al. Comparable efficacy and safety of insulin glulisine and insulin lispro when given as part of a Basal-bolus insulin regimen in a 26-week trial in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011; 13: 327-334
• 483 Pihoker C, Forsander G, Fantahun B. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. The delivery of ambulatory diabetes care to children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 (Suppl. 20) 86-101 EK IV
• 484 Plank J, Siebenhofer A, Berghold A. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of shortacting insulin analogues in patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1337-1344 EK Ia
• 485 Plener PL, Molz E, Berger G. et al. Depression, metabolic control, and antidepressant medication in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16: 58-66 EK IIb
• 486 Polak M, Dechaume A, Cave H. et al. Heterozygous missense mutations in the insulin gene are linked to permanent diabetes appearing in the neonatal period or in early infancy: a report from the French ND (Neonatal. Diabetes) Study Group. Diabetes 2008; 57: 1115-1119 EK III
• 487 Povlsen L, Olsen B, Ladelund S.. Diabetes in children and adolescents from ethnic minorities: barriers to education, treatment and good metabolic control. J Adv Nurs 2005; 50: 576-582 EK III
• 488 Powers SW, Byars KC, Mitchell MJ. et al. Parent report of mealtime behavior and parenting stress in young children with type 1 diabetes and in healthy control subjects. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 313-318 EK III
• 489 Puttha R, Cooke D, Subbarayan A. et al. Low dose (0.05 units/ kg/h) is comparable with standard dose (0.1 units/kg/h) intravenous insulin infusion for the initial treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children with type 1 diabetes-an observational study. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 12-17 EK III
• 490 Radetti G, Paganini C, Gentili L. et al. Frequency of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 1995; 32: 121-124 EK III
• 491 Raile K, Galler A, Hofer S. et al. Diabetic nephropathy in 27 805 children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes: effect of diabetes duration, A1C, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes onset, and sex. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2523-2528 EK IIb-III
• 492 Raile K, Klopocki E, Holder M. et al. Expanded clinical spectrum in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1b-maturity-onset diabetes of the young. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 2658-2664 EK IV
• 493 Raile K, O'Connell M, Galler A. et al. Diabetes caused by insulin gene (INS) deletion: clinical characteristics of homozygous and heterozygous individuals. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165: 255-260
• 494 Raile K, Schober E, Konrad K. et al. Treatment of young patients with HNF1A mutations (HNF1A-MODY). Diabet Med 2015; 32: 526-530
• 495 Rattay P, von der LE, Lampert T.. Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Eineltern-, Stief- und Kernfamilien. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014; 57: 860-868 EK IIb
• 496 Reid GJ, Dubow EF, Carey TC. et al. Contribution of coping to medical adjustment and treatment responsibility among children and adolescents with diabetes. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1994; 15: 327-335 EK III
• 497 Reinehr T, Schober E, Roth CL. et al. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in a 2-year follow-up: insufficient adherence to diabetes centers. Horm Res 2008; 69: 107-113 EK III
• 498 Reinehr T, Temmesfeld M, Kersting M. et al. Four-year follow-up of children and adolescents participating in an obesity intervention program. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 1074-1077 EK III
• 499 Renders CM, Valk GD, Griffin SJ. et al. Interventions to improve the management of diabetes in primary care, outpatient, and community settings: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1821-1833 EK Ia
• 500 Rewers A, Klingensmith G, Davis C. et al. Presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in youth: the Search for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e1258-e1266 EK III
• 501 Rewers M, Pihoker C, Donaghue K. et al. Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 408-418
• 502 Rewers M, Pihoker C, Donaghue K. et al. Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 408-418 EK IV
• 503 Reynolds KA, Helgeson VS.. Children with diabetes compared to peers: depressed? Distressed? A meta-analytic review. Ann Behav Med 2011; 42: 29-41 EK Ib
• 504 Riccardi G, Rivellese A, Pacioni D. et al. Separate influence of dietary carbohydrate and fibre on the metabolic control in diabetes. Diabetologia 1984; 26: 116-421 EK Ib
• 505 Richter B, Neises G.. 'Human' insulin versus animal insulin in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD003 816 EK Ia
• 506 Riddell MC, Iscoe KE.. Physical activity, sport, and pediatric diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7: 60-70 EK IV
• 507 Riley MD, Dwyer T.. Microalbuminuria is positively associated with usual dietary saturated fat intake and negatively associated with usual dietary protein intake in people with insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 50-57 EK III
• 508 Riveline JP, Schaepelynck P, Chaillous L. et al. Assessment of patient-led or physician-driven continuous glucose monitoring in patients with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes using basal-bolus insulin regimens: a 1-year multicenter study. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 965-971 EK Ib
• 509 Rivellese A, Riccardi G, Giacco A. et al. Effect of dietary fibre on glucose control and serum lipoproteins in diabetic patients. Lancet 1980; 2: 447-450 EK Ib
• 510 Roberts MD, Slover RH, Chase HP.. Diabetic ketoacidosis with intracerebral complications. Pediatr Diabetes 2001; 2: 109-114 EK III
• 511 Robertson K, Riddell MC, Guinhouya BC. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 (Suppl. 20) 203-223 EK IV
• 512 Robertson KJ, Schoenle E, Gucev Z. et al. Insulin detemir compared with NPH insulin in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 27-34 EK Ib
• 513 Rohrer T, Stierkorb E, Grabert M. et al. Delayed menarche in young German women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: recent results from the DPV diabetes documentation and quality management system. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167: 793-799
• 514 Rolon MA, Benali K, Munck A. et al. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus: clinical impact of prediabetes and effects of insulin therapy. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90: 860-867 EK III
• 515 Ronkainen MS, Hamalainen AM, Koskela P. et al. Pregnancy induces nonimmunoglobulin insulinbinding activity in both maternal and cord blood serum. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 124: 190-196 EK Ib
• 516 Rosenbauer J, Dost A, Karges B. et al. Improved metabolic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a trend analysis using prospective multicenter data from Germany and Austria. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 80-86 EK III
• 517 Rosenbauer J, Herzig P, Giani G.. Familial risk Type 1 diabetes mellitus in preschool age. Diabetologia 2003; 46: A118 EK IIa
• 518 Rosenbauer J, Icks A, du Prel JB. et al. Populationsbasierte Daten zur Inzidenz des Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2003; 151: 71 EK III
• 519 Rosenbauer J, Icks A, Giani G.. Clinical characteristics and predictors of severe ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children in a North Rhine-Westphalian region, Germany. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002; 15: 1137-1145 EK IIb
• 520 Rosenbauer J, Icks A, Giani G.. Incidence and prevalence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Germany–model-based national estimates. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002; 15: 1497-1504 EK IIb
• 521 Rosenbauer J, Icks A, Grabert M. et al. Hohe Prävalenz des Typ-1-Diabetes mellitus im Kindes- und Jugendalter in Deutschland (Abstract). Kinder- Jugendmed 2002; 2: A84 EK III
• 522 Rosenbauer J, Rothe U, Bendas A. et al. National prevalence estimates of childhood type 1 diabetes in Germany. Pediatric Diabetes 2013; 14: 119 EK III
• 523 Rosenbloom AL, Schatz DA, Krischer JP. et al. Therapeutic controversy: prevention and treatment of diabetes in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 494-522 EK IV
• 524 Rubio-Cabezas O, Klupa T, Malecki MT.. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus–the importance of diabetes differential diagnosis in neonates and infants. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41: 323-333
• 525 Rutledge KS, Chase HP, Klingensmith GJ. et al. Effectiveness of postprandial Humalog in toddlers with diabetes. Pediatrics 1997; 100: 968-972 EK IIa
• 526 Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM. et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 3-10 EK Ib
• 527 Sagen JV, Raeder H, Hathout E. et al. Permanent neonatal diabetes due to mutations in KCNJ11 encoding Kir6.2: patient characteristics and initial response to sulfonylurea therapy. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2713-2718 EK III
• 528 Saßmann H, Albrecht C, Busse-Widmann P. et al. Psychometric properties of the German version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised: additional benefit of disease-specific screening in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2015 EK IIb
• 529 Sassmann H, Danne T, Landgraf R. et al. Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene mit Diabetes: Lebensqualität, Stoffwechseleinstellung und Zufriedenheit mit der Langzeitbetreuung von Teilnehmern des CAMP-D. Diabet Stoffw 2007; 2: 69 EK III
• 530 Sassmann H, de HM, Danne T. et al. Reducing stress and supporting positive relations in families of young children with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled study for evaluating the effects of the DELFIN parenting program. BMC Pediatr 2012; 12: 152 EK Ib
• 531 Saßmann H, Lange K.. Psychische Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes. In: Petrak F, Herpertz S, Hrsg. Handbuch der Psychodiabetologie. Berlin: Springer; 2013. EK IV
• 532 Schatz DA, Bingley PJ.. Update on major trials for the prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus: the American Diabetes Prevention Trial (DPT-1) and the European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT). J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001; 14 (Suppl. 01) 619-622 EK Ib
• 533 Scherbaum W.. Verlautbarung der Deutschen Diabetes-Gesellschaft zur Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Diabet. Inform 1998; 20: 23 EK IV
• 534 Scheuing N, Bartus B, Berger G. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of 467 patients with a clinically recognized eating disorder identified among 52 215 patients with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter german/austrian study. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 1581-1589 EK IIb
• 535 Schiaffini R, Patera PI, Bizzarri C. et al. Basal insulin supplementation in Type 1 diabetic children: a long-term comparative observational study between continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and glargine insulin. J Endocrinol Invest 2007; 30: 572-577 EK Ib
• 536 Schlesinger DM, Holsclaw DS, Fyfe B.. Generalized Atherosclerosis in an Adult with CF and Diabetes Mellitus. Eleventh Annual North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference. 1997 365. EK III
• 537 Schmid K, Fink K, Holl RW. et al. Predictors for future cystic fibrosis-related diabetes by oral glucose tolerance test. J Cyst Fibros 2014; 13: 80-85
• 538 Schober E, Holl RW, Grabert M. et al. Diabetes mellitus type 2 in childhood and adolescence in Germany and parts of Austria. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164: 705-707 EK III
• 539 Schober E, Rami B, Grabert M. et al. Phenotypical aspects of Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY diabetes) in comparison to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. Experience from a large multicenter data base. Diabet Med 2009; 26: 466-473
• 540 Schoenle EJ, Schoenle D, Molinari L. et al. Impaired intellectual development in children with Type I diabetes: association with HbA(1c), age at diagnosis and sex. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 108-114 EK III
• 541 Schultz CJ, Konopelska-Bahu T, Dalton RN. et al. Microalbuminuria prevalence varies with age, sex, and puberty in children with type 1 diabetes followed from diagnosis in a longitudinal study. Oxford Regional Prospective Study Group. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 495-502 EK III
• 542 Schultz CJ, Neil HA, Dalton RN. et al. Blood pressure does not rise before the onset of microalbuminuria in children followed from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Oxford Regional Prospective Study Group. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 555-560 EK III
• 543 Schwab KO, Doerfer J, Marg W. et al. Characterization of 33 488 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes based on the gender-specific increase of cardiovascular risk factors. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 357-363
• 544 Schwartz DD, Cline VD, Axelrad ME. et al. Feasibility, acceptability, and predictive validity of a psychosocial screening program for children and youth newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 326-331 EK III
• 545 Schwarzenberg SJ, Thomas W, Olsen TW. et al. Microvascular complications in cystic fibrosis- related diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1056-1061 EK III
• 546 Scott A, Whitcombe S, Bouchier D. et al. Diabetes in children and young adults in Waikato Province, New Zealand: outcomes of care. N Z Med J 2004; 117: U1219 EK III
• 547 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). SIGN 50: A guideline developer's handbook. Quick reference guide; 2014
• 548 Scottish Study Group for the Care of the Young Diabetic. Factors influencing glycemic control in young people with type 1 diabetes in Scotland: a population-based study (DIABAUD2). Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 239-244 EK IIa
• 549 Scrimgeour L, Cobry E, McFann K. et al. Improved glycemic control after long-term insulin pump use in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007; 9: 421-428 EK IIb-III
• 550 Shah RP, Spruyt K, Kragie BC. et al. Visuomotor performance in KCNJ11-related neonatal diabetes is impaired in children with DEND-associated mutations and may be improved by early treatment with sulfonylureas. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 2086-2088
• 551 Shepherd M, Hattersley AT.. 'I don't feel like a diabetic any more': the impact of stopping insulin in patients with maturity onset diabetes of the young following genetic testing. Clin Med 2004; 4: 144-147
• 552 Sherr JL, Tauschmann M, Battelino T. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetes technologies. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 302-325
• 553 Shichiri M, Kishikawa H, Ohkubo Y. et al. Long-term results of the Kumamoto Study on optimal diabetes control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2000; 23 (Suppl. 02) B21-B29
• 554 Shimazaki T, Kadowaki T, Ohyama Y. et al. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) predicts future drug treatment for diabetes mellitus: a follow-up study using routine clinical data in a Japanese university hospital. Transl Res 2007; 149: 196-204 EK II
• 555 Shorer M, David R, Schoenberg-Taz M. et al. Role of parenting style in achieving metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1735-1737 EK III
• 556 Sideravicite S, Gailiniene A, Visagurskiene K. et al. The effect of long-term swimming program on glycemia control in 14–19-year aged healthy girls and girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Medicina (Kaunas) 2006; 42: 513-518 EK IIb
• 557 Siebenhofer A, Plank J, Berghold A. et al. Short acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD003 287 EK Ia
• 558 Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K. et al. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 186-212 EK IV
• 559 Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K. et al. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 186-212
• 560 Simpson D, McCormack PL, Keating GM. et al. Insulin lispro: a review of its use in the management of diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2007; 67: 407-434
• 561 Skogsberg L, Fors H, Hanas R. et al. Improved treatment satisfaction but no difference in metabolic control when using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs.multiple daily injections in children at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 472-479 EK1b
• 562 Slama G, Haardt MJ, Jean-Joseph P. et al. Sucrose taken during mixed meal has no additional hyperglycaemic action over isocaloric amounts of starch in well-controlled diabetics. Lancet 1984; 2: 122-125 EK Ib
• 563 Slingerland AS, Hurkx W, Noordam K. et al. Sulphonylurea therapy improves cognition in a patient with the V59M KCNJ11 mutation. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 277-281 EK III
• 564 Slover RH, Welsh JB, Criego A. et al. Effectiveness of sensor-augmented pump therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in the STAR 3 study. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 6-11 EK Ib
• 565 Smart CE, Annan F, Bruno LP. et al. ISPAD – Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 (Suppl. 20) 135-153 EK IV
• 566 Smith-Palmer J, Brandle M, Trevisan R. et al. Assessment of the association between glycemic variability and diabetes-related complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 105: 273-284
• 567 Sochett EB, Poon I, Balfe W. et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus adolescents with and without microalbuminuria. J Diabetes Complications 1998; 12: 18-23 EK IIa
• 568 Soffer B, Zhang Z, Miller K. et al. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of lisinopril for children with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 795-800 EK Ib
• 569 Sood ED, Pendley JS, Delamater AM. et al. Mother-father informant discrepancies regarding diabetes management: associations with diabetes-specific family conflict and glycemic control. Health Psychol 2012; 31: 571-579 EK III
• 570 Stachow R, Schiel R, Koch S. et al. Effekte der stationären Rehabilitation von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus Typ-1. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2013; 161: 727-734 EK III
• 571 Stachow R, Schiel R, Koch S. et al. Langfristige Effekte der Rehabilitation für Kinder und Jugendliche mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 1. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2013; 8: FV17 EK III
• 572 Stachow R, Schultz A, Kurzinsky U. et al. Anti-Streß-Training für Kinder und Jugendliche mit Diabetes während der stationären Rehabilitation. Kindheit Entwicklung 2001; 10: 226-239 EK III
• 573 Stachow R, Wolf J, Kromeyer-Hauschild K. et al. Übergewicht und Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 1. Prävalenz und Einflussfaktoren. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2003; 149: 209-216 EK III
• 574 Stahl A, Strassburger K, Lange K. et al. Health-related quality of life among German youths with early-onset and long-duration type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1736-1742 EK IIb
• 575 Stahl-Pehe A, Strassburger K, Castillo K. et al. Quality of life in intensively treated youths with early-onset type 1 diabetes: a population-based survey. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 436-443 EK IIb
• 576 Stanger C, Ryan SR, Delhey LM. et al. A multicomponent motivational intervention to improve adherence among adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. J Pediatr Psychol 2013; 38: 629-637 EK III
• 577 Stanik J, Gasperikova D, Paskova M. et al. Prevalence of permanent neonatal diabetes in Slovakia and successful replacement of insulin with sulfonylurea therapy in KCNJ11 and ABCC8 mutation carriers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 1276-1282
• 578 Stoy J, Edghill EL, Flanagan SE. et al. Insulin gene mutations as a cause of permanent neonatal diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104: 15040-15044 EK III
• 579 Stride A, Vaxillaire M, Tuomi T. et al. The genetic abnormality in the beta cell determines the response to an oral glucose load. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 427-435 EK IIb
• 580 Sullivan-Bolyai S, Bova C, Lee M. et al. Mentoring fathers of children newly diagnosed with T1DM. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2011; 36: 224-231 EK IIb
• 581 Sullivan-Bolyai S, Deatrick J, Gruppuso P. et al. Constant vigilance: mothers' work parenting young children with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Nurs 2003; 18: 21-29 EK III
• 582 Summers LK, Fielding BA, Bradshaw HA. et al. Substituting dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat changes abdominal fat distribution and improves insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 369-377 EK Ib
• 583 Sundelin J, Forsander G, Mattson SE.. Family-oriented support at the onset of diabetes mellitus: a comparison of two group conditions during 2 years following diagnosis. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85: 49-55 EK III
• 584 Sundelin J, Forsander G, Mattson SE.. Family-oriented support at the onset of diabetes mellitus: a comparison of two group conditions during 2 years following diagnosis. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85: 49-55 EK IIb
• 585 Svensson J, Johannesen J, Mortensen HB. et al. Improved metabolic outcome in a Danish diabetic paediatric population aged 0–18 yr: results from a nationwide continuous Registration. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 10: 461-467 EK III
• 586 Svoren BM, Butler D, Levine BS. et al. Reducing acute adverse outcomes in youths with type 1 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2003; 112: 914-922 EK Ib
• 587 Svoren BM, Volkening LK, Butler DA. et al. Temporal trends in the treatment of pediatric type 1 diabetes and impact on acute outcomes. J Pediatr 2007; 150: 279-285 EK IIa
• 588 Swift PG.. Diabetes education. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006–2007. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 103-109 EK IV
• 589 Swift PG, Skinner TC, de Beaufort CE. et al. Target setting in intensive insulin management is associated with metabolic control: the Hvidoere childhood diabetes study group centre differences study 2005. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 271-278 EK III
• 590 Taha D, Umpaichitra V, Banerji MA. et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in African-American adolescents: impaired beta- cell function in the face of severe insulin resistance. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2006; 19: 135-142 EK IIb
• 591 Takii M, Uchigata Y, Komaki G. et al. An integrated inpatient therapy for type 1 diabetic females with bulimia nervosa: a 3-year follow-up study. J Psychosom Res 2003; 55: 349-356 EK III
• 592 Tansey MJ, Tsalikian E, Beck RW. et al. The effects of aerobic exercise on glucose and counterregulatory hormone concentrations in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 20-25 EK Ib
• 593 Temple IK, Gardner RJ, Mackay DJ. et al. Transient neonatal diabetes: widening the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of diabetes. Diabetes 2000; 49: 1359-1366 EK III
• 594 Temple IK, Shield JP.. Transient neonatal diabetes, a disorder of imprinting. J Med Genet 2002; 39: 872-875 EK IV
• 595 Thalange N, Deeb L, Iotova V. et al. Insulin degludec in combination with bolus insulin aspart is safe and effective in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16: 164-176 EK Ib
• 596 Thisted H, Johnsen SP, Rungby J.. An update on the longacting insulin analogue glargine. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 99: 1-11 EK Ia
• 597 Thompson SJ, Auslander WF, White NH.. Comparison of single- mother and two-parent families on metabolic control of children with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 234-238 EK IIa
• 598 Thomsen C, Storm H, Holst JJ. et al. Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fats on postprandial lipemia and glucagon-like peptide 1 responses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 605-611 EK Ib
• 599 Thorpe CT, Fahey LE, Johnson H. et al. Facilitating healthy coping in patients with diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Educ 2013; 39: 33-52 EK Ia
• 600 Thurber BW, Carmody D, Tadie EC. et al. Age at the time of sulfonylurea initiation influences treatment outcomes in KCNJ11- related neonatal diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58: 1430-1435 EK III
• 601 Tiberg I, Katarina SC, Carlsson A. et al. Children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial comparing hospital versus home-based care. Acta Paediatr 2012; 101: 1069-1073 EK Ib
• 602 Toeller M.. (nach Mann et al. 2004) Evidenz-basierte Ernährungsempfehlungen zur Behandlung und Prävention des Diabetes mellitus. Diabet Stoffw 2005; 14: 75-94 EK Ia-IV
• 603 Toni S, Reali MF, Barni F. et al. Managing insulin therapy during exercise in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Biomed 2006; 77 (Suppl. 01) 34-40 EK IIa-III
• 604 Triolo TM, Armstrong TK, McFann K. et al. Additional autoimmune disease found in 33 % of patients at type 1 diabetes onset. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1211-1213 EK III
• 605 Tsalikian E, Kollman C, Tamborlane WB. et al. Prevention of hypoglycemia during exercise in children with type 1 diabetes by suspending basal insulin. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2200-2204 EK Ib
• 606 Tsiouli E, Alexopoulos EC, Stefanaki C. et al. Effects of diabetes-related family stress on glycemic control in young patients with type 1 diabetes: Systematic review. Can Fam Physician 2013; 59: 143-149 EK Ib
• 607 Tubiana-Rufi N, Coutant R, Bloch J. et al. Special management of insulin lispro in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in young diabetic children: a randomized cross-over study. Horm Res 2004; 62: 265-271 EK Ib
• 608 Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG. et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343-1350 EK Ib
• 609 Tupola S, Komulainen J, Jaaskelainen J. et al. Post-prandial insulin lispro vs. human regular insulin in prepubertal children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2001; 18: 654-658 EK Ib
• 610 UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352: 854-865 EK Ib
• 611 UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive bloodglucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352: 837-853 EK Ib
• 612 UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-713 EK Ib
• 613 Vaarala O, Klemetti P, Juhela S. et al. Effect of coincident enterovirus infection and cows' milk exposure on immunisation to insulin in early infancy. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 531-534 EK Ib
• 614 Valenzuela JM, Patino AM, McCullough J. et al. Insulin pump therapy and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2006; 31: 650-660 EK IIb
• 615 van den Berg JM, Morton AM, Kok SW. et al. Microvascular complications in patients with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD). J Cyst Fibros 2008; 7: 515-519 EK III
• 616 Vessby B, Unsitupa M, Hermansen K. et al. Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU Study. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 312-319 EK Ib
• 617 Viklund G, Ortqvist E, Wikblad K.. Assessment of an empowerment education programme. A randomized study in teenagers with diabetes. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 550-556 EK Ib
• 618 Viner RM, Christie D, Taylor V. et al. Motivational/solutionfocused intervention improves HbA1c in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. Diabet Med 2003; 20: 739-742 EK III
• 619 von Sengbusch S, Muller-Godeffroy E, Hager S. et al. Mobile diabetes education and care: intervention for children and young people with Type 1 diabetes in rural areas of northern Germany. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 122-127 EK IIb
• 620 Wabitsch M, Hertrampf M, Mayer H. et al. Glucosetoleranz und Insulinresistenz bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas. Diabet Stoffw 2002; Suppl 10: 34 EK III
• 621 Wagner VM, Grabert M, Holl RW.. Severe hypoglycaemia, metabolic control and diabetes management in children with type 1 diabetes in the decade after the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial – a large-scale multicentre study. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164: 73-79 IIb–III
• 622 Wagner VM, Kremke B, Hiort O. et al. Transition from insulin to sulfonylurea in a child with diabetes due to a mutation in KCNJ11 encoding Kir6.2–initial and long-term response to sulfonylurea therapy. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168: 359-361
• 623 Waldron S, Rurik I, Madacsy L. et al. Good practice recommendations on paediatric training programmes for health care professionals in the EU. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13 (Suppl. 16) 29-38 EK IV
• 624 Wambach JA, Marshall BA, Koster JC. et al. Successful sulfonylurea treatment of an insulin-naive neonate with diabetes mellitus due to a KCNJ11 mutation. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 286-288
• 625 Wang YC, Stewart SM, Mackenzie M. et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing motivational interviewing in education to structured diabetes education in teens with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1741-1743 EK Ib
• 626 Warncke K, Frohlich-Reiterer EE, Thon A. et al. Polyendocrinopathy in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter analysis of 28 671 patients from the German/Austrian DPV-Wiss database. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2010-2012 EK III
• 627 Watts GF, Gregory L, Naoumova R. et al. Nutrient intake in insulindependent diabetic patients with incipient nephropathy. Eur J Clin Nutr 1988; 42: 697-702 EK III
• 628 Weinzimer SA, Swan KL, Sikes KA. et al. Emerging evidence for the use of insulin pump therapy in infants, toddlers, and preschool-aged children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7 (Suppl. 04) 15-19 EK Ia-III
• 629 Weissberg-Benchell J, Glasgow AM, Tynan WD. et al. Adolescent diabetes management and mismanagement. Diabet Care 1995; 18: 77-82 EK III
• 630 Weitzel D, Obermann B, Rogge R.. Tagesklinische Ersteinstellung des kindlichen und jugendlichen IDDM. Diabet Stoffw 1997; 6: 110 EK IV
• 631 Wells T, Frame V, Soffer B. et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of enalapril for children with hypertension. J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 42: 870-880 EK Ib
• 632 White NH, Cleary PA, Dahms W. et al. Beneficial effects of intensive therapy of diabetes during adolescence: outcomes after the conclusion of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). J Pediatr 2001; 139: 804-812 EK Ib
• 633 White NH, Sun W, Cleary PA. et al. Prolonged effect of intensive therapy on the risk of retinopathy complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: 10 years after the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 1707-1715 EK Ib
• 634 Whittemore R, Jaser S, Chao A. et al. Psychological experience of parents of children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic mixed-studies review. Diabetes Educ 2012; 38: 562-579 EK Ib
• 635 Wiebe DJ, Berg CA, Korbel C. et al. Children's appraisals of maternal involvement in coping with diabetes: enhancing our understanding of adherence, metabolic control, and quality of life across adolescence. J Pediatr Psychol 2005; 30: 167-178 EK III
• 636 Wisting L, Froisland DH, Skrivarhaug T. et al. Disturbed eating behavior and omission of insulin in adolescents receiving intensified insulin treatment: a nationwide population-based study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 3382-3387 EK III
• 637 Wolfsdorf J, Craig ME, Daneman D. et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 28-43 EK IV
• 638 Wolfsdorf JI, Allgrove J, Craig ME. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 (Suppl. 20) 154-179 EK IV
• 639 Wolfsdorf JI, Glaser N, Agus M. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 155-177
• 640 Wood JR, Moreland EC, Volkening LK. et al. Durability of insulin pump use in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2355-2360 EK IIb–III
• 641 World Health Organinsation (WHO): Technical Report Series 916. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva: WHO; 2003, EK IV
• 642 Wühl E, Witte K, Soergel M. et al. Distribution of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in children: normalized reference values and role of body dimensions. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1995-2007 EK IIb
• 643 Wysocki T, Greco P, Harris MA. et al. Behavior therapy for families of adolescents with diabetes: maintenance of treatment effects. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 441-446 EK IIa
• 644 Wysocki T, Harris MA, Buckloh LM. et al. Randomized trial of behavioral family systems therapy for diabetes: maintenance of effects on diabetes outcomes in adolescents. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 555-360 EK Ib
• 645 Wysocki T, Harris MA, Buckloh LM. et al. Randomized, controlled trial of Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes: main-tenance and generalization of effects on parent-adolescent communication. Behav Ther 2008; 39: 33-46 EK Ib
• 646 Wysocki T, Harris MA, Greco P. et al. Randomized, controlled trial of behavior therapy for families of adolescents with insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Psychol 2000; 25: 23-33 EK Ib
• 647 Wysocki T, Lochrie A, Antal H. et al. Youth and parent knowledge and communication about major complications of type 1 diabetes: associations with diabetes outcomes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1701-1705 EK Ib
• 648 Wysocki T, Lochrie A, Antal H. et al. Youth and parent knowledge and communication about major complications of type 1 diabetes: associations with diabetes outcomes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1701-1705 EK III
• 649 Wysocki T, Taylor A, Hough BS. et al. Deviation from developmentally appropriate self-care autonomy. Association with diabetes outcomes. Diabet Care 1997; 19: 121-125 EK IIb
• 650 Yokota Y, Kikuchi N, Matsuura N.. Screening for diabetes by urine glucose testing at school in Japan. Pediatr Diabetes 2004; 5: 212-218 EK III
• 651 Young V, Eiser C, Johnson B. et al. Eating problems in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2013; 30: 189-198 EK Ia
• 652 Zeitler P, Fu J, Tandon N. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Type 2 diabetes in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 26-46 EK IV
• 653 Zenlea IS, Mednick L, Rein J. et al. Routine behavioral and mental health screening in young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 384-388 EK III
• 654 Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O. et al. Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children. JAMA 2013; 309 (23) 2473-2479
• 655 Ziegler AG, Schmid S, Huber D. et al. Early infant feeding and risk of developing type 1 diabetesassociated autoantibodies. JAMA 2003; 290: 1721-1728 EK III
• 656 Ziegler R, Heidtmann B, Hilgard D. et al. Frequency of SMBG correlates with HbA1c and acute complications in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12: 11-17 EK III
• 657 Ziegler R, Neu A.. Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018; 115: 146-156
• 658 Zung A, Glaser B, Nimri R. et al. Glibenclamide treatment in permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus due to an activating mutation in Kir6.2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 5504-5507 EK III