Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-1833-9299
Therapieoptionen von primären Motilitätsstörungen des Ösophagus
Therapy of esophageal motility disordersZusammenfassung
Ösophagusmotilitätsstörungen sind Erkrankungen, bei denen es aufgrund einer Veränderung der neuromuskulären Strukturen zu Fehlfunktionen des Schluckakts kommt. Das Leitsymptom ist daher die Dysphagie für feste und/oder flüssige Speisen, häufig begleitet von Symptomen wie Thoraxschmerz, Regurgitation, Sodbrennen, und Gewichtsverlust. Die Ösophagusmanometrie ist der Goldstandard in der Diagnostik. Endoskopie und Radiologie dienen dem Ausschluss entzündlicher oder maligner Veränderungen.
Durch die Einführung der hochauflösenden Ösophagusmanometrie (HRM) hat sich die Diagnostik der Ösophagusmotilitätsstörungen verbessert und mit der Chicago-Klassifikation zu einer neuen Einteilung geführt, die im letzten Jahrzehnt mehrfach modifiziert wurde, zuletzt 2020 mit der Chicago-Klassifikation v4.0. Verglichen mit der Vorversion v3.0 finden sich einige wichtige Änderungen, die anhand der im klinischen Alltag wichtigsten Ösophagusmotilitätsstörungen vorgestellt werden.
Abstract
Esophageal motility disorders are diseases in which there are malfunctions of the act of swallowing due to a change in neuromuscular structures. The main symptom is therefore dysphagia for solid and/or liquid foods, often accompanied by symptoms such as chest pain, regurgitation, heartburn, and weight loss. Esophageal manometry is the gold standard in diagnostics. Endoscopy and radiology serve to exclude inflammatory or malignant changes. With the introduction of high-resolution esophageal manometry (HRM), the diagnosis of esophageal motility disorders has improved and led to a new classification with the Chicago Classification, which has been modified several times in the last decade, most recently in 2020 with the Chicago Classification v4.0. Compared to the previous version 3.0, there are some important changes that are presented based on the most important esophageal motility disorders in everyday clinical practice.
Schlüsselwörter
Evidenz Typ I-Studien - Achalasie - Motilitätsstörungen des Ösophagus - endoskopisch-interventionelle Therapie - Heller MyotomieKeywords
Evidence type I-studies - achalasia - motility disorders of the esophagus - endoscopic-interventional therapy - Heller MyotomyPublication History
Received: 15 November 2021
Accepted after revision: 15 April 2022
Article published online:
14 July 2022
© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
Literaturverzeichnis
- 1 Müller M, Denzer UW, Kreuser N. et al. Diagnostik von Motilitätsstörungen des Ösophagus – Bedeutung der neuen Chicago-Klassifikation v4.0. Z Gastroenterol 2022; DOI: 10.1055/a-1833-9366.
- 2 Bortolotti M, Labo G. Clinical and manometric effects of nifedipine in patients with esophageal achalasia. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 39-44 (PMID: 7450409)
- 3 Hongo M, Traube M, McAllister Jr. et al. Effects of nifedipine on esophageal motor function in humans: correlation with plasma nifedipine concentration. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 8-12 (PMID: 6689676)
- 4 Marzio L, Grossi L, DeLaurentiis MF. et al. Effect of cimetropium bromide on esophageal motility and transit in patients affected by primary achalasia. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 1389-1394 DOI: 10.1007/BF02088038. (PMID: 8026247)
- 5 Jung DH, Park H. Is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Achalasia Coincident or Not?. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23: 5-8 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16121. (PMID: 27771944)
- 6 Zaninotto G, Bennett C, Boeckxstaens G. et al. The 2018 ISDE achalasia guidelines. Dis Esophagus 2018; 31 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doy071. (PMID: 30169645)
- 7 Roman S, Kahrilas PJ. Management of spastic disorders of the esophagus. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2013; 42: 27-43 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2012.11.002. (PMID: 23452629)
- 8 Khalaf M, Chowdhary S, Elias PS. et al. Distal Esophageal Spasm: A Review. Am J Med 2018; 131: 1034-1040 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.02.031. (PMID: 29605413)
- 9 Miller DR, Averbukh LD, Kwon SY. et al. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are viable options for treating esophageal motility disorders: A case report and literature review. J Dig Dis 2019; 20: 495-499 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12802. (PMID: 31347278)
- 10 Kahrilas PJ, Bredenoord AJ, Carlson DA. et al. Advances in Management of Esophageal Motility Disorders. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16: 1692-1700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.04.026. (PMID: 29702296)
- 11 Khalaf MHG, Chowdhary S, Elmunzer BJ. et al. Impact of Peppermint Therapy on Dysphagia and Non-cardiac Chest Pain: A Pilot Study. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64: 2214-2218 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05523-8. (PMID: 30771044)
- 12 Maradey-Romero C, Gabbard S, Fass R. Treatment of esophageal motility disorders based on the chicago classification. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2014; 12: 441-455 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-014-0032-9. (PMID: 25263532)
- 13 Lee BE, Kim GH, Shin N. et al. Histopathological Analysis of Esophageal Mucosa in Patients with Achalasia. Gut Liver 2021; 15: 713-722 DOI: 10.5009/gnl20195. (PMID: 33361546)
- 14 Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G. et al. A multicentre randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with oesophageal achalasia. GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. Gut 2000; 46: 597-600 DOI: 10.1136/gut.46.5.597. (PMID: 10764700)
- 15 Uppal DS, Wang AY. Update on the endoscopic treatments for achalasia. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 8670-8683 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i39.8670. (PMID: 27818585)
- 16 Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Wilcox CM. et al. Botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trial. Gut 1999; 44: 231-239 DOI: 10.1136/gut.44.2.231. (PMID: 9895383)
- 17 Zaninotto G, Annese V, Costantini M. et al. Randomized controlled trial of botulinum toxin versus laparoscopic heller myotomy for esophageal achalasia. Ann Surg 2004; 239: 364-370 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000114217.52941.c5. (PMID: 15075653)
- 18 Fajardo RA, Petrov RV, Bakhos CT. et al. Endoscopic and Surgical Treatments for Achalasia: Who to Treat and How?. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2020; 49: 481-498 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2020.05.003. (PMID: 32718566)
- 19 Katzka DA, Castell DO. Use of botulinum toxin as a diagnostic/therapeutic trial to help clarify an indication for definitive therapy in patients with achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 637-642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00927.x. (PMID: 10086644)
- 20 Vanuytsel T, Bisschops R, Farre R. et al. Botulinum toxin reduces Dysphagia in patients with nonachalasia primary esophageal motility disorders. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11: 1115-1121 e1112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.03.021. (PMID: 23591282)
- 21 Storr M, Allescher HD, Rosch T. et al. Treatment of symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm by endoscopic injections of botulinum toxin: a prospective study with long-term follow-up. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 54: 754-759 (PMID: 11726856)
- 22 Muller M, Keck C, Eckardt AJ. et al. Outcomes of pneumatic dilation in achalasia: Extended follow-up of more than 25 years with a focus on manometric subtypes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33: 1067-1074 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14044. (PMID: 29140553)
- 23 Eckardt AJ, Eckardt VF. Treatment and surveillance strategies in achalasia: an update. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8: 311-319 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.68. (PMID: 21522116)
- 24 Katzka DA, Castell DO. Review article: an analysis of the efficacy, perforation rates and methods used in pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 832-839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04816.x. (PMID: 21848630)
- 25 Moonen A, Annese V, Belmans A. et al. Long-term results of the European achalasia trial: a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Gut 2016; 65: 732-739 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310602. (PMID: 26614104)
- 26 Nair LA, Reynolds JC, Parkman HP. et al. Complications during pneumatic dilation for achalasia or diffuse esophageal spasm. Analysis of risk factors, early clinical characteristics, and outcome. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1893-1904 DOI: 10.1007/BF01296115. (PMID: 8404411)
- 27 Stathopoulos P, Wächter S, Schiffmann L. et al. Acute Esophageal Perforation: Does Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy Abandon Surgery ?. Endoscopy 2020; 52: OP148 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1704167.
- 28 Min YW, Lee JH, Min BH. et al. Association between gastroesophageal reflux disease after pneumatic balloon dilatation and clinical course in patients with achalasia. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 20: 212-218 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2014.20.2.212. (PMID: 24840373)
- 29 Eckardt VF, Gockel I, Bernhard G. Pneumatic dilation for achalasia: late results of a prospective follow up investigation. Gut 2004; 53: 629-633 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.029298. (PMID: 15082578)
- 30 Ghoshal UC, Rangan M. A review of factors predicting outcome of pneumatic dilation in patients with achalasia cardia. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 17: 9-13 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2011.17.1.9. (PMID: 21369487)
- 31 Zhang W, Linghu EQ. Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy for Type III Achalasia of Chicago Classification: Outcomes with a Minimum Follow-Up of 24 Months. J Gastrointest Surg 2017; 21: 785-791 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-017-3398-x. (PMID: 28315151)
- 32 Achem SR. Diffuse esophageal spasm in the era of high-resolution manometry. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2014; 10: 130-133 (PMID: 24803878)
- 33 Inoue H, Minami H, Kobayashi Y. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for esophageal achalasia. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 265-271 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1244080. (PMID: 20354937)
- 34 Ponds FA, Fockens P, Lei A. et al. Effect of Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy vs Pneumatic Dilation on Symptom Severity and Treatment Outcomes Among Treatment-Naive Patients With Achalasia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 322: 134-144 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.8859. (PMID: 31287522)
- 35 Werner YB, Hakanson B, Martinek J. et al. Endoscopic or Surgical Myotomy in Patients with Idiopathic Achalasia. N Engl J Med 2019; 381: 2219-2229 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1905380. (PMID: 31800987)
- 36 Tomizawa Y, Mahmud N, Dasher K. et al. Type II achalasia is associated with a comparably favorable outcome following per oral endoscopic myotomy. Dis Esophagus 2021; 34 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doaa107. (PMID: 33180122)
- 37 Urakami S, Abe H, Tanaka S. et al. Development of a preoperative risk-scoring system for predicting poor responders to peroral endoscopic myotomy. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93: 398-405 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2020.06.028. (PMID: 32565185)
- 38 Gu L, Ouyang Z, Lv L. et al. Safety and efficacy of peroral endoscopic myotomy with standard myotomy versus short myotomy for treatment-naive patients with type II achalasia: a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93: 1304-1312 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2020.10.006. (PMID: 33058884)
- 39 Nabi Z, Ramchandani M, Sayyed M. et al. Comparison of Short Versus Long Esophageal Myotomy in Cases With Idiopathic Achalasia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 27: 63-70 DOI: 10.5056/jnm20022. (PMID: 32675389)
- 40 Rodriguez de Santiago E, Mohammed N, Manolakis A. et al. Anterior versus posterior myotomy during poem for the treatment of achalasia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2019; 28: 107-115 DOI: 10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.281.pom. (PMID: 30851179)
- 41 Mohan BP, Ofosu A, Chandan S. et al. Anterior versus posterior approach in peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 251-258 DOI: 10.1055/a-1090-0788. (PMID: 31958861)
- 42 Khan MA, Kumbhari V, Ngamruengphong S. et al. Is POEM the Answer for Management of Spastic Esophageal Disorders? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62: 35-44 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4373-1. (PMID: 27858325)
- 43 Chandan S, Mohan BP, Chandan OC. et al. Clinical efficacy of per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for spastic esophageal disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2020; 34: 707-718 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-019-06819-6. (PMID: 31073769)
- 44 Kane ED, Budhraja V, Desilets DJ. et al. Myotomy length informed by high-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) results in improved per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) outcomes for type III achalasia. Surg Endosc 2019; 33: 886-894 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-018-6356-0. (PMID: 30054739)
- 45 Ichkhanian Y, Abimansour JP, Pioche M. et al. Outcomes of anterior versus posterior peroral endoscopic myotomy 2 years post-procedure: prospective follow-up results from a randomized clinical trial. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 462-468 DOI: 10.1055/a-1204-4242. (PMID: 32572862)
- 46 Tan Y, Lv L, Wang X. et al. Efficacy of anterior versus posterior per-oral endoscopic myotomy for treating achalasia: a randomized, prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 88: 46-54 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2018.03.009. (PMID: 29571969)
- 47 Akintoye E, Kumar N, Obaitan I. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy: a meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 1059-1068 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-114426. (PMID: 27617421)
- 48 Lee Y, Brar K, Doumouras AG. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for the treatment of pediatric achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2019; 33: 1710-1720 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-019-06701-5. (PMID: 30767141)
- 49 Zhong C, Tan S, Huang S. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy versus pneumatic dilation for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 32: 1413-1421 DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000001800. (PMID: 32516175)
- 50 Zhong C, Huang S, Xia H. et al. Role of peroral endoscopic myotomy in geriatric patients with achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis 2021; DOI: 10.1159/000516024.
- 51 Albers D, Frieling T, Dakkak D. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is effective in treatment of noncardiac chest pain caused by hypercontractile esophageal motility disorders: results of the POEM-HYPE-Study. Z Gastroenterol 2018; 56: 1337-1342 DOI: 10.1055/a-0668-2605. (PMID: 30296811)
- 52 Filicori F, Dunst CM, Sharata A. et al. Long-term outcomes following POEM for non-achalasia motility disorders of the esophagus. Surg Endosc 2019; 33: 1632-1639 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-018-6438-z. (PMID: 30232618)
- 53 Shiwaku H, Inoue H. Issues to be Considered for Learning Curve for Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy. Clin Endosc 2021; 54: 625-626 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2021.217. (PMID: 34521161)
- 54 Lv H, Zhao N, Zheng Z. et al. Analysis of the learning curve for peroral endoscopic myotomy for esophageal achalasia: Single-center, two-operator experience. Dig Endosc 2017; 29: 299-306 DOI: 10.1111/den.12763. (PMID: 27859721)
- 55 Eckardt VF, Aignherr C, Bernhard G. Predictors of outcome in patients with achalasia treated by pneumatic dilation. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1732-1738 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91428-7. (PMID: 1451966)
- 56 Heller E. Cardioplastik beim chronischen Cardiospasmus mit Dilatation des Oesophagus. Mitt Grenzegeb Med Chir 1913; 27: 141-141
- 57 Zaaijer JH. Cardiospasm in the Aged. Ann Surg 1923; 77: 615-617 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-192305000-00014. (PMID: 17864830)
- 58 Shimi S, Nathanson LK, Cuschieri A. Laparoscopic cardiomyotomy for achalasia. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1991; 36: 152-154 (PMID: 1833541)
- 59 Ancona E, Peracchia A, Zaninotto G. et al. Heller laparoscopic cardiomyotomy with antireflux anterior fundoplication (Dor) in the treatment of esophageal achalasia. Surg Endosc 1993; 7: 459-461 DOI: 10.1007/BF00311744. (PMID: 8211631)
- 60 Peracchia A, Ancona E, Ruol A. et al. Use of mini-invasive procedures in esophageal surgery. Chirurgie 1992; 118: 305-308 (PMID: 1341285)
- 61 Gockel I, Eckardt VF, Schmitt T. et al. Pseudoachalasia: a case series and analysis of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 378-385 DOI: 10.1080/00365520510012118. (PMID: 16028431)
- 62 Gockel I, Trinh TT, Mildenberger P. et al. Achalasia or pseudoachalasia? Problems of diagnostic and treatment decisions in two cases. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2008; 133: 290-294 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1046708. (PMID: 18253919)
- 63 Schizas D, Theochari NA, Katsaros I. et al. Pseudoachalasia: a systematic review of the literature. Esophagus 2020; 17: 216-222 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-020-00720-1. (PMID: 31989338)
- 64 Niebisch S, Wilshire CL, Peters JH. Systematic analysis of esophageal pressure topography in high-resolution manometry of 68 normal volunteers. Dis Esophagus 2013; 26: 651-660 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12027. (PMID: 23383676)
- 65 Yadlapati R, Kahrilas PJ, Fox MR. et al. Esophageal motility disorders on high-resolution manometry: Chicago classification version 4.0((c)). Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33: e14058 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14058. (PMID: 33373111)
- 66 Blonski W, Kumar A, Feldman J. et al. Timed barium swallow for assessing long-term treatment response in patients with achalasia: Absolute cutoff versus percent change – A cross-sectional analytic study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33: e14005 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14005. (PMID: 32996266)
- 67 Sanagapalli S, Plumb A, Maynard J. et al. The timed barium swallow and its relationship to symptoms in achalasia: Analysis of surface area and emptying rate. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32: e13928 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13928. (PMID: 32578341)
- 68 Gockel I, Junginger T, Bernhard G. et al. Heller myotomy for failed pneumatic dilation in achalasia: how effective is it?. Ann Surg 2004; 239: 371-377 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000114228.34809.01. (PMID: 15075654)
- 69 Gockel I, Junginger T, Eckardt VF. Persistent and recurrent achalasia after Heller myotomy: analysis of different patterns and long-term results of reoperation. Arch Surg 2007; 142: 1093-1097 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.142.11.1093. (PMID: 18025339)
- 70 Gockel I, Timm S, Musholt TJ. et al. Technical aspects of laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia. Chirurg 2009; 80: 840-847 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-009-1669-0. (PMID: 19219415)
- 71 Csendes A, Orellana O, Figueroa M. et al. Long-term (17 years) subjective and objective evaluation of the durability of laparoscopic Heller esophagomyotomy in patients with achalasia of the esophagus (90% of follow-up): a real challenge to POEM. Surg Endosc 2021; DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-08273-1.
- 72 Fukushima N, Masuda T, Yano F. et al. Over ten-year outcomes of laparoscopic Heller-myotomy with Dor-fundoplication with achalasia: single-center experience with annual endoscopic surveillance. Surg Endosc 2020; DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-08148-5.
- 73 Doubova M, Gowing S, Robaidi H. et al. Long-term Symptom Control After Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy and Dor Fundoplication for Achalasia. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 111: 1717-1723 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.095. (PMID: 32891651)
- 74 Aiolfi A, Asti E, Bonitta G. et al. Esophagectomy for End-Stage Achalasia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. World J Surg 2018; 42: 1469-1476 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-017-4298-7. (PMID: 29022068)
- 75 Fontan AJA, Batista-Neto J, Pontes ACP. et al. Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic Esophagectomy Vs. Transhiatal Open Esophagectomy in Achalasia: A Randomized Study. Arq Bras Cir Dig 2018; 31: e1382 DOI: 10.1590/0102-672020180001e1382. (PMID: 30133674)
- 76 Gupta P, Parshad R, Balakrishna P. et al. Angle of His Accentuation Is a Viable Alternative to Dor Fundoplication as an Adjunct to Laparoscopic Heller Cardiomyotomy: Results of a Randomized Clinical Study. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63: 2395-2404 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5130-4. (PMID: 29796913)
- 77 Kummerow Broman K, Phillips SE, Faqih A. et al. Heller myotomy versus Heller myotomy with Dor fundoplication for achalasia: long-term symptomatic follow-up of a prospective randomized controlled trial. Surg Endosc 2018; 32: 1668-1674 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-017-5845-x. (PMID: 29046957)
- 78 Siddaiah-Subramanya M, Yunus RM, Khan S. et al. Anterior Dor or Posterior Toupet with Heller Myotomy for Achalasia Cardia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Surg 2019; 43: 1563-1570 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-019-04945-9. (PMID: 30756164)
- 79 Torres-Villalobos G, Coss-Adame E, Furuzawa-Carballeda J. et al. Dor Vs Toupet Fundoplication After Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy: Long-Term Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluated by High-Resolution Manometry. J Gastrointest Surg 2018; 22: 13-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-017-3578-8. (PMID: 28924729)
- 80 Milone M, Manigrasso M, Vertaldi S. et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic approach to treat symptomatic achalasia: systematic review with meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus 2019; 32: 1-8 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doz062. (PMID: 31274153)
- 81 Aiolfi A, Tornese S, Bonitta G. et al. Dor versus Toupet fundoplication after Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy: Systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asian J Surg 2020; 43: 20-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2019.03.019. (PMID: 31031056)
- 82 Ali AB, Khan NA, Nguyen DT. et al. Robotic and per-oral endoscopic myotomy have fewer technical complications compared to laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Surg Endosc 2020; 34: 3191-3196 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-019-07093-2. (PMID: 31482358)
- 83 [Anonym]. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Guidelines for Ensuring the Quality of Information Disseminated to the Public..
- 84 Chrystoja CC, Darling GE, Diamant NE. et al. Achalasia-Specific Quality of Life After Pneumatic Dilation or Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy With Partial Fundoplication: A Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 1536-1545 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.402. (PMID: 27619832)
- 85 Illes A, Farkas N, Hegyi P. et al. Is Heller myotomy better than balloon dilation? A meta-analysis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2017; 26: 121-127 DOI: 10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.262.myo. (PMID: 28617881)
- 86 Bonifacio P, de Moura DTH, Bernardo WM. et al. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Hellerʼs myotomy in the treatment of achalasia: systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Dis Esophagus 2019; 32 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doy105. (PMID: 30380036)
- 87 Cheng JW, Li Y, Xing WQ. et al. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy is not superior to pneumatic dilation in the management of primary achalasia: Conclusions of a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96: e5525 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005525. (PMID: 28207499)
- 88 Boeckxstaens GE, Annese V, des Varannes SB. et al. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Hellerʼs myotomy for idiopathic achalasia. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1807-1816 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1010502. (PMID: 21561346)
- 89 Martins RK, Ribeiro IB, DTH DEM. et al. Peroral (Poem) or Surgical Myotomy for the Treatment of Achalasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arq Gastroenterol 2020; 57: 79-86 DOI: 10.1590/S0004-2803.202000000-14. (PMID: 32294740)
- 90 Patel K, Abbassi-Ghadi N, Markar S. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for the treatment of esophageal achalasia: systematic review and pooled analysis. Dis Esophagus 2016; 29: 807-819 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12387. (PMID: 26175119)
- 91 Awaiz A, Yunus RM, Khan S. et al. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Perioperative Outcomes of Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) and Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy (LHM) for Achalasia. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2017; 27: 123-131 DOI: 10.1097/SLE.0000000000000402. (PMID: 28472017)
- 92 Schlottmann F, Luckett DJ, Fine J. et al. Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy Versus Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) for Achalasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Surg 2018; 267: 451-460 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002311. (PMID: 28549006)
- 93 Park CH, Jung DH, Kim DH. et al. Comparative efficacy of per-oral endoscopic myotomy and Heller myotomy in patients with achalasia: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 90: 546-558 e543 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2019.05.046. (PMID: 31443929)
- 94 Repici A, Fuccio L, Maselli R. et al. GERD after per-oral endoscopic myotomy as compared with Hellerʼs myotomy with fundoplication: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87: 934-943 e918 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.10.022. (PMID: 29102729)
- 95 Moura ET, Farias GF, Coutinho LM. et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) Versus Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy with Fundoplication in the Treatment of Achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89: AB84 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2019.04.065.
- 96 Kumbhari V, Tieu AH, Onimaru M. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) vs laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) for the treatment of Type III achalasia in 75 patients: a multicenter comparative study. Endosc Int Open 2015; 3: E195-E201 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1391668. (PMID: 26171430)
- 97 Facciorusso A, Singh S, Abbas Fehmi SM. et al. Comparative efficacy of first-line therapeutic interventions for achalasia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2021; 35: 4305-4314 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-07920-x. (PMID: 32856150)
- 98 Mundre P, Black CJ, Mohammed N. et al. Efficacy of surgical or endoscopic treatment of idiopathic achalasia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6: 30-38 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30296-X. (PMID: 33035470)
- 99 Aiolfi A, Bona D, Riva CG. et al. Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis Comparing Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy, Pneumatic Dilatation, and Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy for Esophageal Achalasia. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2020; 30: 147-155 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2019.0432. (PMID: 31364910)
- 100 Tyberg A, Seewald S, Sharaiha RZ. et al. A multicenter international registry of redo per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) after failed POEM. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 85: 1208-1211 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.10.015. (PMID: 27756611)
- 101 Tyberg A, Sharaiha RZ, Familiari P. et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy as salvation technique post-Heller: International experience. Dig Endosc 2018; 30: 52-56 DOI: 10.1111/den.12918. (PMID: 28691186)
- 102 Kamal F, Ismail MK, Khan MA. et al. Efficacy and safety of peroral endoscopic myotomy in the management of recurrent achalasia after failed Heller myotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Gastroenterol 2021; 34: 155-163 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2020.0563. (PMID: 33654353)