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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Thromb Haemost 2022; 122(11): 1843-1857
DOI: 10.1055/a-1896-7092
Review Article

Bleeding Propensity in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Potential Causes and Evaluation

Simone A. Brysland 
1   Australian Cancer Research Foundation, Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
,
M. Gohar Maqbool 
2   Department of Haematology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
,
Dipti Talaulikar    *
2   Department of Haematology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
3   College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
,
Elizabeth E. Gardiner    *
1   Australian Cancer Research Foundation, Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Abstract

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare, incurable, low-grade, B cell lymphoma. Symptomatic disease commonly results from marrow or organ infiltration and hyperviscosity secondary to immunoglobulin M paraprotein, manifesting as anemia, bleeding and neurological symptoms among others. The causes of the bleeding phenotype in WM are complex and involve several intersecting mechanisms. Evidence of defects in platelet function is lacking in the literature, but factors impacting platelet function and coagulation pathways such as acquired von Willebrand factor syndrome, hyperviscosity, abnormal hematopoiesis, cryoglobulinemia and amyloidosis may contribute to bleeding. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms behind bleeding is important, as common WM therapies, including chemo-immunotherapy and Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, carry attendant bleeding risks. Furthermore, due to the relatively indolent nature of this lymphoma, most patients diagnosed with WM are often older and have one or more comorbidities, requiring treatment with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. It is thus important to understand the origin of the WM bleeding phenotype, to better stratify patients according to their bleeding risk, and enhance confidence in clinical decisions regarding treatment management. In this review, we detail the evidence for various contributing factors to the bleeding phenotype in WM and focus on current and emerging diagnostic tools that will aid evaluation and management of bleeding in these patients.

Keywords

platelet - Waldenström macroglobulinemia - receptor - bleeding

Author Contributions

S.A.B., D.T., and E.E.G. planned and drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the review of the manuscript. Images were created using Smart Servier (https://smart.servier.com/).


* Equal senior authors.




Publication History

Received: 08 March 2022

Accepted: 22 June 2022

Accepted Manuscript online:
11 July 2022

Article published online:
17 October 2022

© 2022. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
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