Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-2044-0345
Prevention and Therapy of Preterm Birth. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k Level, AWMF Registry Number 015/025, September 2022) – Part 2 with Recommendations on the Tertiary Prevention of Preterm Birth and on the Management of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes
Article in several languages: English | deutschAbstract
Aim The revision of this guideline was coordinated by the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), the Austrian Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (OEGGG) and the Swiss Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (SGGG). The aim of the guideline is to improve the prediction, prevention and management of preterm birth based on evidence from the current literature, the experience of members of the guidelines commission, and the viewpoint of self-help organizations.
Methods The members of the contributing professional societies and organizations developed recommendations and statements based on international literature. The recommendations and statements were presented and adopted using a formal process (structured consensus conferences with neutral moderation, written Delphi vote).
Recommendations Part 2 of this short version of the guideline presents statements and recommendations on the tertiary prevention of preterm birth and the management of preterm premature rupture of membranes.
Key words
guideline - preterm birth - preterm labor - cervical insufficiency - preterm premature rupture of membranesPublication History
Received: 15 January 2023
Accepted after revision: 22 January 2023
Article published online:
04 May 2023
© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- 1 Fischer T, Mörtl M, Reif P. et al. Statement by the OEGGG with Review of the Literature on the Mode of Delivery of Premature Infants at the Limit of Viability. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78: 1212-1216
- 2 Swiss-Paediatrics. Accessed April 03, 2020 at: http://www.swiss-paediatrics.org/sites/default/files/paediatrica/vol23/n1/pdf/10-12_0.pdf
- 3 SGGG. Lungenreifungsinduktion bei drohender Frühgeburt. Accessed April 03, 2020 at: https://www.sggg.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/56_Lungenreifungsinduktion_bei_drohender_Fruehgeburt.pdf
- 4 SGGG. SGGG Expertenbrief Tokolyse. Accessed April 07, 2020 at: https://www.sggg.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/3_Fachinformationen/1_Expertenbriefe/De/41_Tokolyse_2013.pdf
- 5 Lauder J, Sciscione A, Biggio J. et al. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #50: The role of activity restriction in obstetric management: (Replaces Consult Number 33, August 2014). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223: B2-B10
- 6 Haas DM, Imperiale TF, Kirkpatrick PR. et al. Tocolytic therapy: A meta-analysis and decision analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 585-594
- 7 Haas DM, Caldwell DM, Kirkpatrick P. et al. Tocolytic therapy for preterm delivery: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 345: e6226
- 8 de Heus R, Mol BW, Erwich JJ. et al. Adverse drug reactions to tocolytic treatment for preterm labour: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2009; 338: b744
- 9 Vogel JP, Oladapo OT, Manu A. et al. New WHO recommendations to improve the outcomes of preterm birth. Lancet Glob Health 2015; 3: e589-e590
- 10 Crowther CA, Brown J, Mckinlay CJD. et al. Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (2014): CD001060
- 11 Shepherd E, Salam RA, Manhas D. et al. Antenatal magnesium sulphate and adverse neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2019; 16: e1002988
- 12 [Anonymous] Practice Bulletin No. 171: Management of Preterm Labor. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128: e155-e164
- 13 Sentilhes L, Senat MV, Ancel PY. et al. Prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: Guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 210: 217-224
- 14 Di Renzo GC, Cabero Roura L, Facchinetti F. et al. Preterm Labor and Birth Management: Recommendations from the European Association of Perinatal Medicine. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 30: 2011-2030
- 15 Vogel JP, Nardin JM, Dowswell T. et al. Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (07) CD006169
- 16 Martinez de Tejada B, Karolinski A, Ocampo MC. et al. Prevention of preterm delivery with vaginal progesterone in women with preterm labour (4P): randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BJOG 2015; 122: 80-91
- 17 Miyazaki C, Moreno Garcia R, Ota E. et al. Tocolysis for inhibiting preterm birth in extremely preterm birth, multiple gestations and in growth-restricted fetuses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health 2016; 13: 4
- 18 Morfaw F, Fundoh M, Bartoszko J. et al. Using tocolysis in pregnant women with symptomatic placenta praevia does not significantly improve prenatal, perinatal, neonatal and maternal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2018; 7: 249
- 19 Dodd JM, Crowther CA, Middleton P. Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (2012): CD003927
- 20 Naik Gaunekar N, Raman P, Bain E. et al. Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (10) CD004071
- 21 van Vliet E, Dijkema GH, Schuit E. et al. Nifedipine maintenance tocolysis and perinatal outcome: an individual participant data meta-analysis. BJOG 2016; 123: 1753-1760
- 22 Han S, Crowther CA, Moore V. Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (2013): CD000940
- 23 Stelzl P, Kehl S, Rath W. Maintenance tocolysis: a reappraisal of clinical evidence. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 300: 1189-1199
- 24 Wood S, Rabi Y, Tang S. et al. Progesterone in women with arrested premature labor, a report of a randomised clinical trial and updated meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17: 258
- 25 Flenady V, Hawley G, Stock OM. et al. Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (12) CD000246
- 26 Yoneda S, Shiozaki A, Yoneda N. et al. Antibiotic Therapy Increases the Risk of Preterm Birth in Preterm Labor without Intra-Amniotic Microbes, but may Prolong the Gestation Period in Preterm Labor with Microbes, Evaluated by Rapid and High-Sensitive PCR System. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75: 440-450
- 27 Subtil D, Brabant G, Tilloy E. et al. Early clindamycin for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy (PREMEVA): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2018; 392: 2171-2179
- 28 McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R. et al. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; (12) CD004454
- 29 Deshmukh M, Patole S. Antenatal corticosteroids for neonates born before 25 Weeks-A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0176090
- 30 Zephyrin LC, Hong KN, Wapner RJ. et al. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. Gestational age-specific risks vs. benefits of multicourse antenatal corticosteroids for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209: 330.e1-330.e7
- 31 Liggins GC, Howie RN. A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants. Pediatrics 1972; 50: 515-525
- 32 Norman M, Piedvache A, Borch K. et al. Association of Short Antenatal Corticosteroid Administration-to-Birth Intervals With Survival and Morbidity Among Very Preterm Infants: Results From the EPICE Cohort. JAMA Pediatr 2017; 171: 678-686
- 33 Roberts D, Dalziel S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (03) CD004454
- 34 van Baaren GJ, Vis JY, Wilms FF. et al. Predictive value of cervical length measurement and fibronectin testing in threatened preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 1185-1192
- 35 Melchor JC, Khalil A, Wing D. et al. Prediction of preterm delivery in symptomatic women using PAMG-1, fetal fibronectin and phIGFBP-1 tests: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 52: 442-451
- 36 Gulersen M, Divon MY, Krantz D. et al. The risk of spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic women with a short cervix (≤ 25 mm) at 23–28 weeksʼ gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2020; 2: 100059
- 37 Richards DS, Wong LF, Esplin MS. et al. Anticipatory Corticosteroid Administration to Asymptomatic Women with a Short Cervix. Am J Perinatol 2018; 35: 397-404
- 38 Zork N, Gulersen M, Mardy A. et al. The utility of fetal fibronectin in asymptomatic singleton and twin pregnancies with a cervical length ≤ 10 mm. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 33: 2865-2871
- 39 Magro-Malosso E, Seravalli V, Cozzolino M. et al. Prediction of preterm delivery by fetal fibronectin in symptomatic and asymptomatic women with cervical length ≤ 20 mm. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 30: 294-297
- 40 Khandelwal M, Chang E, Hansen C. et al. Betamethasone dosing interval: 12 or 24 hours apart? A randomized, noninferiority open trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206: 201.e1-201.e11
- 41 GyamfiBannerman C, Thom EA, Blackwell SC. et al. Antenatal betamethasone for women at risk for late preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 2016; 374: 1311-1320
- 42 Stutchfield P, Whitaker R, Russell I. Antenatal betamethasone and incidence of neonatal respiratory distress after elective caesarean section: pragmatic randomised trial. BMJ 2005; 331: 662
- 43 Stutchfield PR, Whitaker R, Gliddon AE. et al. Behavioural, educational and respiratory outcomes of antenatal betamethasone for term caesarean section (ASTECS trial). Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2013; 98: F195-F200
- 44 Ehsanipoor RM, Seligman NS, Saccone G. et al. Physical Examination-Indicated Cerclage. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126: 125-135
- 45 Namouz S, Porat S, Okun N. et al. Emergency cerclage: literature review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2013; 68: 379-388
- 46 Chatzakis C, Efthymiou A, Sotiriadis A. et al. Emergency cerclage in singleton pregnancies with painless cervical dilatation: A meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2020; 99: 1444-1457
- 47 Miller ES, Grobman WA, Fonseca L. et al. Indomethacin and antibiotics in examination-indicated cerclage: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 1311-1316
- 48 Volpe J. Neurology of the Newborn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1995
- 49 Doyle LW, Crowther CA, Middleton P. et al. Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (01) CD004661
- 50 Crowther CA, Middleton PF, Voysey M. et al. Assessing the neuroprotective benefits for babies of antenatal magnesium sulphate: An individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2017; 14: e1002398
- 51 Katheria A, Reister F, Essers J. et al. Association of Umbilical Cord Milking vs. Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping With Death or Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage Among Preterm Infants. JAMA 2019; 322: 1877-1886
- 52 Jasani B, Torgalkar R, Ye XY. et al. Association of Umbilical Cord Management Strategies With Outcomes of Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175: e210102
- 53 Jarde A, Feng YY, Viaje KA. et al. Vaginal birth vs. caesarean section for extremely preterm vertex infants: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 301: 447-458
- 54 Gaudineau A, Lorthe E, Quere M. et al. Planned delivery route and outcomes of cephalic singletons born spontaneously at 24–31 weeksʼ gestation: The EPIPAGE-2 cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2020; 99: 1682-1690
- 55 Wolf HT, Weber T, Schmidt S. et al. Mode of delivery and adverse short- and long-term outcomes in vertex-presenting very preterm born infants: a European population-based prospective cohort study. J Perinat Med 2021; 49: 923-931
- 56 Bergenhenegouwen L, Vlemmix F, Ensing S. et al. Preterm breech presentation: A comparison of intended vaginal and intended cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126: 1223-1230
- 57 Landon MB, Hauth JC, Leveno KJ. et al. Maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with a trial of labor after prior cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2581-2589
- 58 Landon MB, Lynch CD. Optimal timing and mode of delivery after cesarean with previous classical incision or myomectomy: a review of the data. Semin Perinatol 2011; 35: 257-261
- 59 Aberg K, Norman M, Ekeus C. Preterm birth by vacuum extraction and neonatal outcome: A population-based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 42
- 60 https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/024-020.html
- 61 RKI. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/Krankenhaushygiene/Kommission/Downloads/Neo_Rili.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
- 62 RKI. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2012/Ausgaben/02_12.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
- 63 RKI. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2013/Ausgaben/42_13.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
- 64 GBA. https://www.g-ba.de/downloads/62-492-1487/QFR-RL_2017-10-19_iK-2018-01-01.pdf
- 65 Destatis. https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Gesundheit/Todesursachen/Todesursachen.html
- 66 Bundesverband „Das frühgeborene Kind“ e.V.. https://www.fruehgeborene.de/fuer-fachleute/palliativversorgung-und-trauerbegleitung
- 67 Bundesärztekammer. Grundsätze der Bundesärztekammer zur ärztlichen Sterbebegleitung. Deutsches Ärzteblatt Ausgabe A, Praxis-Ausgabe: niedergelassene Ärzte 2011; 108 (07) A346-A348 Accessed April 28, 2019 at: https://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/Sterbebegleitung_17022011.pdf
- 68 IQTIG. https://iqtig.org/downloads/auswertung/2017/16n1gebh/QSKH_16n1-GEBH_2017_BUAW_V02_2018-08-01.pdf
- 69 AQUA – Institut. https://sqg.de/downloads/Bundesauswertungen/2014/bu_Gesamt_16N1-GEBH_2014.pdf
- 70 Dodd JM, Grivell RM, OBrien CM. et al. Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; (10): CD012024.
- 71 EPPPIC-Collaborative. Evaluating Progestogens for Preventing Preterm birth International Collaborative (EPPPIC): meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2021; 397: 1183-1194
- 72 Romero R, Conde-Agudelo A, El-Refaie W. et al. Vaginal progesterone decreases preterm birth and neonatal morbidity and mortality in women with a twin gestation and a short cervix: an updated meta-analysis of individual patient data. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 49: 303-314
- 73 Elrefaie W, Abdelhafez MS, Badawy A. Vaginal progesterone for prevention of preterm labor in asymptomatic twin pregnancies with sonographic short cervix: a randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 293: 61-67
- 74 Li C, Shen J, Hua K. Cerclage for women with twin pregnancies: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 220: 543-557.e1
- 75 Liem S, Schuit E, Hegeman M. et al. Cervical pessaries for prevention of preterm birth in women with a multiple pregnancy (ProTWIN): a multicentre, open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013; 382: 1341-1349
- 76 Goya M, de la Calle M, Pratcorona L. et al. PECEP-Twins Trial Group. Cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth in women with twin gestation and sonographic short cervix: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (PECEP-Twins). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214: 145-152
- 77 Nicolaides KH, Syngelaki A, Poon LC. et al. Cervical pessary placement for prevention of preterm birth in unselected twin pregnancies: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214: 3.e1-3.e9
- 78 Berghella V, Dugoff L, Ludmir J. Prevention of preterm birth with pessary in twins (PoPPT): a randomized controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 49: 567-572
- 79 Dang VQ, Nguyen LK, Pham TD. et al. Pessary Compared With Vaginal Progesterone for the Prevention of Preterm Birth in Women With Twin Pregnancies and Cervical Length Less Than 38 mm: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 133: 459-467
- 80 Norman JE, Norrie J, MacLennan G. et al. Evaluation of the Arabin cervical pessary for prevention of preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy and short cervix (STOPPIT-2): An open-label randomised trial and updated meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2021; 18: e1003506
- 81 Carreras E. Cervical pessary for preventing birth in Twin pregnancies with maternal short cervix after an episode of threatened preterm labour: randomised control trial. Abstract, 17th World Congress in Fetal Medicine, Athen 2018.
- 82 Roman A, Zork N, Haeri S. et al. Physical examination-indicated cerclage in twin pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223: 902.e1-902.e11
- 83 van der Heyden JL. Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: different gestational ages, different problems [Thesis]. 2014
- 84 Asrat T, Lewis DF, Garite TJ. et al. Rate of recurrence of preterm premature rupture of membranes in consecutive pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 1111-1115
- 85 IQTIG. http://
- 86 Hillier SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA. et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1737-1742
- 87 Meis PJ, Michielutte R, Peters TJ. et al. Factors associated with preterm birth in Cardiff, Wales. I. Univariable and multivariable analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173: 590-596
- 88 Murphy DJ. Epidemiology and environmental factors in preterm labour. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 21: 773-789
- 89 Yi SW, Han YJ, Ohrr H. Anemia before pregnancy and risk of preterm birth, low birth weight and small-for-gestational-age birth in Korean women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67: 337-342
- 90 Schummers L, Hutcheon JA, Hernandez-Diaz S. et al. Association of Short Interpregnancy Interval With Pregnancy Outcomes According to Maternal Age. JAMA Intern Med 2018; 178: 1661-1670
- 91 Korevaar TIM, Derakhshan A, Taylor PN. et al. Association of Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities and Thyroid Autoimmunity With Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA 2019; 322: 632-641
- 92 Wetzka S, Gallwas J, Hasbargen U. et al. Einfluss von Konisation auf die Frühgeburtenrate und das perinatale Outcome: Eine retrospektive Analyse der Daten zur externen stationären Qualitätssicherung für die Erfassungsjahre 2009–2014. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78: 236-237
- 93 Ramsauer B, Vidaeff AC, Hosli I. et al. The diagnosis of rupture of fetal membranes (ROM): a meta-analysis. J Perinat Med 2013; 41: 233-240
- 94 Palacio M, Kuhnert M, Berger R. et al. Meta-analysis of studies on biochemical marker tests for the diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes: comparison of performance indexes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 183
- 95 Munson LA, Graham A, Koos BJ. et al. Is there a need for digital examination in patients with spontaneous rupture of the membranes?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 562-563
- 96 Alexander JM, Mercer BM, Miodovnik M. et al. The impact of digital cervical examination on expectantly managed preterm rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183: 1003-1007
- 97 Mercer BM, Miodovnik M, Thurnau GR. et al. Antibiotic therapy for reduction of infant morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. A randomized controlled trial. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. JAMA 1997; 278: 989-995
- 98 Melamed N, Hadar E, Ben-Haroush A. et al. Factors affecting the duration of the latency period in preterm premature rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22: 1051-1056
- 99 Garite TJ, Freeman RK. Chorioamnionitis in the preterm gestation. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 539-545
- 100 Beydoun SN, Yasin SY. Premature rupture of the membranes before 28 weeks: Conservative management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155: 471-479
- 101 Major CA, de Veciana M, Lewis DF. et al. Preterm premature rupture of membranes and abruptio placentae: is there an association between these pregnancy complications?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172 (2 Pt 1): 672-676
- 102 Ananth CV, Oyelese Y, Srinivas N. et al. Preterm premature rupture of membranes, intrauterine infection, and oligohydramnios: Risk factors for placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 71-77
- 103 Soraisham AS, Singhal N, McMillan DD. et al. Canadian Neonatal Network. A multicenter study on the clinical outcome of chorioamnionitis in preterm infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200: 372.e1-372.e6
- 104 Lewis DF, Robichaux AG, Jaekle RK. et al. Expectant management of preterm premature rupture of membranes and nonvertex presentation: what are the risks?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196: 6
- 105 Higgins RD, Saade G, Polin RA. et al. Evaluation and Management of Women and Newborns With a Maternal Diagnosis of Chorioamnionitis: Summary of a Workshop. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 127: 426-436
- 106 Gibbs RS, Blanco JD, St Clair PJ. et al. Quantitative bacteriology of amniotic fluid from women with clinical intraamniotic infection at term. J Infect Dis 1982; 145: 1-8
- 107 Silver RK, Gibbs RS, Castillo M. Effect of amniotic fluid bacteria on the course of labor in nulliparous women at term. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 68: 587-592
- 108 Blanco JD, Gibbs RS, Malherbe H. et al. A controlled study of genital mycoplasmas in amniotic fluid from patients with intra-amniotic infection. J Infect Dis 1983; 147: 650-653
- 109 Gibbs RS, Blanco JD, St Clair PJ. et al. Mycoplasma hominis and intrauterine infection in late pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 1983; 10: 303-306
- 110 Gibbs RS, Blanco JD, Lipscomb K. et al. Asymptomatic parturient women with high-virulence bacteria in the amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 152 (6 Pt 1): 650-654
- 111 Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC, Hankins GDV. et al. Term maternal and neonatal complications of acute chorioamnionitis. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66: 59-62
- 112 Gomez R, Romero R, Ghezzi F. et al. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 194-202
- 113 Hofer N, Kothari R, Morris N. et al. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome is a risk factor for morbidity in preterm neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209: 542.e1-542.e11
- 114 Waters TP, Mercer BM. The management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes near the limit of fetal viability. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201: 230-240
- 115 van Teeffelen AS, van der Ham DP, Oei SG. et al. The accuracy of clinical parameters in the prediction of perinatal pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to midtrimester prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: a meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 148: 3-12
- 116 Blott M, Greenough A. Neonatal outcome after prolonged rupture of the membranes starting in the second trimester. Arch Dis Child 1988; 63: 1146-1150
- 117 Obstetric-Care-Consensus. Obstetric Care Consensus No. 6 Summary: Periviable Birth. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 130: 926-928
- 118 Bond DM, Middleton P, Levett KM. et al. Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeksʼ gestation for improving pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; (2017): CD004735
- 119 ACOG-Practice-Bulletin. Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: ACOG Practice Bulletin Summary, Number 217. Obstet Gynecol 2020; 135: 739-743
- 120 Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson JP. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (12): CD001058.
- 121 Navathe R, Schoen CN, Heidari P. et al. Azithromycin vs. erythromycin for the management of preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 221: 144.e1-144.e8
- 122 Mackeen AD, Seibel-Seamon J, Muhammad J. et al. Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (02) CD007062
- 123 Tita AT, Andrews WW. Diagnosis and management of clinical chorioamnionitis. Clin Perinatol 2010; 37: 339-354
- 124 Kunze M, Klar M, Morfeld CA. et al. Cytokines in noninvasively obtained amniotic fluid as predictors of fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215: 96.e1-96.e8
- 125 Musilova I, Kacerovsky M, Stepan M. et al. Maternal serum C-reactive protein concentration and intra-amniotic inflammation in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0182731
- 126 Mercer BM, Rabello YA, Thurnau GR. et al. The NICHD-MFMU antibiotic treatment of preterm PROM study: impact of initial amniotic fluid volume on pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194: 438-445
- 127 Abramowicz JS, Sherer DM, Warsof SL. et al. Fetoplacental and uteroplacental Doppler blood flow velocity analysis in premature rupture of membranes. Am J Perinatol 1992; 9: 353-356
- 128 Dudley J, Malcolm G, Ellwood D. Amniocentesis in the management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 31: 331-336
- 129 Musilova I, Bestvina T, Hudeckova M. et al. Vaginal fluid interleukin-6 concentrations as a point-of-care test is of value in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215: 619.e1-619.e12
- 130 Hofmeyr GJ, Eke AC, Lawrie TA. Amnioinfusion for third trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; ((2014): CD000942
- 131 Hofmeyr GJ, Kiiza JA. Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; (2016): CD011622
- 132 Morris JM, Roberts CL, Bowen JR. et al. Immediate delivery compared with expectant management after preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes close to term (PPROMT trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016; 387: 444-452
- 133 van der Ham DP, Vijgen SM, Nijhuis JG. et al. Induction of labor versus expectant management in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes between 34 and 37 weeks: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001208
- 134 van der Ham DP, van der Heyden JL, Opmeer BC. et al. Management of late-preterm premature rupture of membranes: the PPROMEXIL-2 trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207: 276.e1-276.e10
- 135 Tajik P, van der Ham DP, Zafarmand MH. et al. Using vaginal Group B Streptococcus colonisation in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes to guide the decision for immediate delivery: a secondary analysis of the PPROMEXIL trials. BJOG 2014; 121: 1263-1272 discussion 1273
- 136 Quist-Nelson J, de Ruigh AA, Seidler AL. et al. Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes Meta-analysis (PPROMM) Collaboration. Immediate Delivery Compared With Expectant Management in Late Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 131: 269-279
- 137 Brisch KH. Prävention durch prä- und postnatale Psychotherapie. In: Brisch K-H, Hellbrügge T. Hrsg. Die Anfänge der Eltern-Kind-Bindung. Schwangerschaft, Geburt und Psychotherapie. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta Verlag; 2007: 271-303
- 138 Wehkamp KH. Psychosoziale Ätiologie und psychosomatische Betreuung bei vorzeitigen Wehen. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1987; 242: 712-713
- 139 Mahler G, Grab D, Kächele H, Kreienberg R, Zimmer I. Geeignete Bewältigung bei drohender Frühgeburt – Expertenrating. In: Rohde A, Riecher-Rössler A. Hrsg. Psychische Erkrankungen bei Frauen – Psychiatrie und Psychosomatik in der Gynäkologie. Regensburg: Roderer; 2001: 226-232
- 140 Fisch S, Klapp C, Bergmann R. et al. Psychosoziales Frühwarnsystem Babylotse Plus – Untersuchung der diagnostischen Genauigkeit des Babylotse Plus Screeningbogens. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2015; 219-P201_214
- 141 Bundesverband – Das frühgeborene Kind. https://www.fruehgeborene.de/fuer-familien
- 142 Nationales Zentrum – Frühe Hilfen. https://www.fruehehilfen.de
- 143 https://register.awmf.org/assets/guidelines/015-025p_S2k_Praevention-Therapie_Fruehgeburt_2022-08.pdf