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DOI: 10.1055/a-2185-8585
Imaging findings and treatment in coccydynia – update of the recent study findings
Bildgebende Befunde und Behandlung bei Kokzygodynie – Aktualisierung gemäß der jüngsten StudienergebnisseAbstract
Background Coccydynia is one of the most overlooked symptoms in clinical practice. The diagnosis and radiologic findings of traumatic coccyx can be more easily detected unless it is delayed and postponed. For idiopathic coccydynia, which accounts for one third of cases, patients present with long-standing pain and multiple physician visits.
Method The keywords coccyx, coccydynia, coccygodynia were searched in PubMed, Embase, Scopus databases in the last 5 years. Research articles, reviews and case reports were analyzed. The studies conducted in the last 5 years were presented under the headings of etiology, radiologic assessment, interventional and surgical treatments.
Results and Conclusion The first step is dynamic X-ray of the coccyx in standing and sitting position. In this way, morphologic parameters and hypermobility causing idiopathic coccydynia can be evaluated. Morphologic and morphometric features of the coccyx described in previous CT and MR studies have explained the relationship with coccydynia. The key features are as follows: Type II coccyx morphology, subluxation of the intercoccygeal joint, presence of bony spicules. Knowledge of these definitions as well as the differential diagnosis in this anatomical region will help in reaching the correct diagnosis. The treatment of coccydynia is stepwise like the diagnosis. Conservative treatments are initiated first. Manipulations, ganglion impar block, injections, radiofrequency and shock treatments and finally coccygectomy are treatment methods reported. Radiologists should not overlook this region and should be familiar with the coccyx’s morphologic appearance and the sacrococcygeal region’s differential diagnosis.
Key points
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The etiology of coccydynia usually includes trauma, obesity and female sex, special coccyx morphology, and coccygeal hypermobility.
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Coccyx fractures are defined into three groups as flexion type 1, compression type 2, and extension type 3.
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When evaluating coccydynia, the first step is a dynamic X-ray examination of the coccyx in standing and sitting position.
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Hypermobility is defined as more than 25 % posterior subluxation while sitting or more than 25° flexion while sitting.
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More than 35° posterior subluxation is considered significant hypermobility.
Citation Format
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Sukun A, Cankurtaran T, Agildere M et al. Imaging findings and treatment in coccydynia – update of the recent study findings. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; 196: 560 – 572
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die Kokzygodynie ist eines der am häufigsten übersehenen Symptome in der klinischen Praxis. Die Diagnose und der radiologische Befund eines traumatischen Steißbeins können leichter erkannt werden, wenn sie nicht verzögert und aufgeschoben wird. Bei der idiopathischen Kokzygodynie, die ein Drittel der Fälle ausmacht, präsentieren sich die Patienten mit lang anhaltenden Schmerzen und zahlreichen Arztbesuchen.
Methode Mit den Stichwörtern coccyx, coccydynia, coccygodynia wurden die Datenbanken PubMed, Embase und Scopus in den letzten 5 Jahren durchsucht. Es wurden Forschungsartikel, Übersichtsarbeiten und Fallberichte analysiert. Die in den letzten 5 Jahren durchgeführten Studien werden unter den Überschriften Ätiologie, radiologische Beurteilung, interventionelle und chirurgische Behandlungen vorgestellt.
Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen Der erste Schritt ist eine dynamische Röntgenaufnahme des Steißbeins in stehender und sitzender Position. Auf diese Weise können die morphologischen Parameter und die Hypermobilität, die die idiopathische Steißbeinerkrankung verursacht, beurteilt werden. Morphologische und morphometrische Merkmale des Steißbeins, die in früheren CT- und MR-Studien beschrieben wurden, haben den Zusammenhang mit der Kokzygodynie erklärt. Die wichtigsten Merkmale sind die folgenden: Typ II Steißbein Morphologie, Subluxation des Intercoccygealgelenks, Vorhandensein von knöchernen Spicula. Die Kenntnis dieser Kriterien sowie der Differentialdiagnosen in dieser anatomischen Region hilft, die richtige Diagnose zu stellen. Die Behandlung der Kokzygodynie erfolgt schrittweise wie die Diagnose. Zunächst werden konservative Behandlungen eingeleitet. Als Behandlungsmethoden werden Manipulationen, Ganglion-Impar-Blockaden, Injektionen, Radiofrequenz- und Schockbehandlungen und schließlich die Kokzygektomie genannt. Radiologen sollten Befunde in dieser Region nicht übersehen und mit dem morphologischen Erscheinungsbild des Steißbeins und der Differentialdiagnose der Sakrokozygealregion vertraut sein.
Kernaussagen
Die Ätiologie der Kokzygodynie umfasst in der Regel Trauma, Adipositas und weibliches Geschlecht, spezielle Morphologie des Steißbeins, sowie Hypermobilität des Steißbeins.
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Steißbeinfrakturen werden in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: Flexionstyp 1, Kompressionstyp 2 und Extensionstyp 3.
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Bei der Beurteilung einer Steißbeinfraktur ist der erste Schritt eine dynamische Röntgenuntersuchung des Steißbeins in stehender und sitzender Position.
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Hypermobilität ist definiert als mehr als 25 % posteriore Subluxation im Sitzen oder mehr als 25° Flexion im Sitzen.
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Eine hintere Subluxation von mehr als 35° gilt als signifikante Hypermobilität.
Keywords
coccydynia - coccyx fractures - coccygeal hypermobility - imaging findings - treatment in coccydyniaPublication History
Received: 14 June 2023
Accepted: 08 September 2023
Article published online:
09 November 2023
© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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