Beyond Milk and Nurture: Breastfeeding’s Powerful Impact on Breast Cancer

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) stands as a global concern, given its high incidence and impact on women’s mortality. This complex disease has roots in various risk factors, some modifiable and others not. Understanding and identifying these factors can be instrumental in both preventing BC and improving survival rates. Remarkably, women’s reproductive behaviors have emerged as critical determinants of BC susceptibility. Numerous studies have shed light on how aspects including age of menarche, first pregnancy and menopause along with number of pregnancies, hormone replacement therapies, can influence one’s risk of developing BC. Furthermore, the act of breastfeeding and its duration have shown an inverse relationship with BC risk. This review delves into the biological and molecular mechanisms associated with breastfeeding that contribute to BC protection. It highlights the role of endocrine processes triggered by suckling stimulation, the gradual onset of lactational amenorrhea, delayed weaning, reduced lifetime menstrual cycles, chromosomal repair mechanisms, and immunological events throughout the lactation cycle. These insights provide a potential explanation for the protective effects conferred by breastfeeding against breast carcinomas.

Zusammenfassung

Angesichts der hohen Inzidenz von Brustkrebs und deren Auswirkung auf die Mortalität von Frauen bleibt Brustkrebs (BK) ein globales Problem. Diese komplexe Erkrankung hat ihren Ursprung in verschiedenen Risikofaktoren, von denen einige veränderbar sind und andere nicht. Das Verständnis und die Identifikation dieser Faktoren kann entscheidend sein, sowohl bei der Prävention von BK als auch bei der Verbesserung der Überlebensraten. Bemerkenswerterweise hat sich herausgestellt, dass das Fortpflanzungsverhalten von Frauen einen kritischen Faktor für die Anfälligkeit für BK darstellt. Zahlreiche Studien haben Aufschluss darüber gegeben, wie bestimmte Aspekte wie Alter beim Eintritt der ersten Menstruationsblutung, Alter bei der ersten Schwangerschaft und Alter beim Eintritt der Wechseljahre sowie Anzahl von Schwangerschaften und Hormonersatztherapien das Brustkrebsrisiko beeinflussen können. Es hat sich auch herausgestellt, dass das Stillen und die Stilldauer eine umgekehrte Relation zum Brustkrebsrisiko haben. Dieser Übersichtsartikel untersucht die mit Stillen assoziierten biologischen und molekularen Mechanismen, die helfen können, BK vorzubeugen. Die Rolle von durch Säugen stimulierten endokrinen Prozessen, z. B. das allmähliche Einsetzen der laktationsbedingten Amenorrhö, das verzögerte Abstillen, die verminderte Anzahl von Menstruationszyklen im Laufe des Lebens, die chromosomalen Reparaturmechanismen und immunologischen Ereignisse während des Laktationszyklus, werden beschrieben. Diese Einsichten bieten eine mögliche Erklärung für den durch das Stillen bedingten Schutz gegen Brustkrebs.

Keywords

breast cancer - breastfeeding - breast cancer risk - HAMLET

Schlüsselwörter

Brustkrebs - Stillen - Brustkrebsrisiko - HAMLET

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 29. Januar 2024

Angenommen nach Revision: 21. April 2024

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
13. Juni 2024

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