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DOI: 10.1055/a-2356-8062
Atemwegssicherung in HD: Standards für Videolaryngoskopie und flexible Endoskopie
Anesthesia in High Definition – Standards for Endoscopic and Videolaryngoscopic Airway Management
Zusammenfassung
Die Sicherung der Atemwege stellt eine Kernkompetenz für Ärzte in der Anästhesie,
Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin dar. Bei einem erwartet schwierigen Atemweg wird
leitliniengerecht eine Intubation unter Erhalt der Spontanatmung (Synonym: Wachintubation)
empfohlen, da hier das Risiko eines Kollapses der oberen Atemwege minimiert wird und
die Spontanatmung stets erhalten bleibt. Traditionell galt zu diesem Zweck die flexible
endoskopische Intubation (FOI) bei einem erwartet schwierigen Atemweg als Goldstandard.
Die Videolaryngoskopie (VL) wird in der Praxis im Rahmen von Routineintubationen u. a.
aufgrund ihres höheren Intubationserfolges im ersten Versuch bereits oft alltäglich
eingesetzt. Dies bedingt eine hohe Expertise bei vielen Anwendern. Auch für die wache
Intubation unter Spontanatmung stellt die VL in vielen Fällen eine praktikable Alternative
zur FOI dar und verdrängt somit zunehmend den Einsatz der FOI. Dieser Trend ist ein
zweischneidiges Schwert: Zwar werden
in vielen Fällen Patientenkomfort und – durch vertrautere Anwendung – die Patientensicherheit
bei Verwendung des VL erhöht. Damit geht aber unweigerlich eine Abnahme in der routinemäßigen
Anwendung der FOI einher. Bei unstrittigen Indikationen für eine FOI, wie stark eingeschränkter
Mundöffnung oder Tumoren im Mund- und Rachenraum, fehlt so möglicherweise die notwendige
Erfahrung bei dieser ohnehin komplexeren Prozedur. Es verbleibt die Aufgabe zukünftiger
Studien und Empfehlungen, diesen Konflikt zu untersuchen und zu berücksichtigen.
Die Sicherung der Atemwege stellt eine Kernkompetenz für Ärzte in der Anästhesie, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin dar. Dieser Beitrag vermittelt Basiswissen und aktuelle Aspekte der „Atemwegssicherung in HD“: Techniken, Anwendungsbereiche und Indikationen, aber auch Risiken der Videolaryngoskopie und der flexiblen endoskopischen (videobasierten) Intubation werden beleuchtet sowie die „Standards“ für die Atemwegssicherung kritisch betrachtet.
Abstract
Airway management is a fundamental skill for anesthesiologists, particularly in the
context of anticipated difficult airways. In such scenarios, current guidelines advocate
for intubation under preserved spontaneous breathing – commonly referred to as awake
intubation – as this approach minimizes the risk of upper airway collapse and ensures
continuous ventilation.
Flexible endoscopic intubation (FOI) has long been regarded as the gold standard for
awake intubation. However, videolaryngoscopy (VL) is now firmly established in routine
airway management, owing to its higher first-pass success rate and the growing familiarity
among clinicians. As a result, VL is increasingly being used as a practical alternative
to FOI in awake intubation, gradually displacing the latter in many institutions.
This development presents both opportunities and challenges. While VL often enhances
patient comfort and safety – especially in the hands of experienced users – it has
also
contributed to a decline in FOI proficiency. This is particularly concerning in cases
where FOI remains indispensable, such as in patients with significantly restricted
mouth opening or tumors of the oral or pharyngeal cavity. In such situations, the
loss of routine FOI experience may compromise clinical outcomes.
Future research and guideline development must acknowledge this evolving dynamic and
seek to strike a balance between clinical efficiency, patient safety, and the preservation
of core airway management competencies.
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Sowohl die Videolaryngoskopie als auch die flexible endoskopische Intubation werden derzeit in der klinischen Praxis beim erwartet und unerwartet schwierigen Atemweg eingesetzt.
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Der Goldstandard für Patienten mit erwartet schwierigen Atemweg stellt die Intubation unter Spontanatmung dar.
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Die Videolaryngoskopie kann bei erwartet schwierigem Atemweg und fehlenden Kontraindikationen alternativ zur flexiblen endoskopischen Intubation eingesetzt werden, wird aber noch nicht als gleichwertig empfohlen.
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Der Erfolg einer Intubation unter Spontanatmung ist im Wesentlichen von der pharmakokinetischen Erfahrung im Umgang mit der topischen Lokalanästhesie und Analgosedierung assoziiert.
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Auch wenn die Videolaryngoskopie flächendeckend häufiger eingesetzt wird, soll der Umgang mit der flexiblen Endoskopie, aufgrund der Limitationen der Videolaryngoskopie (z.B. stark eingeschränkte Mundöffnung oder Tumoren im Mund- und Rachenraum), im klinischen Alltag weiterhin beübt werden.
Schlüsselwörter
schwieriger Atemweg - Wachintubation - Videolaryngoskopie - Wachintubation mittels flexibler Endoskopie - endotracheale Intubation - AtemwegsmanagementKeywords
difficult airway - awake tracheal intubation - videolaryngoscopy - awake tracheal intubation using flexible bronchoscopy - endotracheal intubation - airway managementPublication History
Article published online:
18 July 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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