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DOI: 10.1055/a-2505-3616
Spezifische Nüchternheitsanforderungen für spezielle Patientengruppen
Specific Fasting Requirements for Special Patient GroupsAutor*innen
Die präoperative Nüchternheit ist ein wichtiges, viel diskutiertes Thema in der anästhesiologischen Praxis. Zuletzt wurden neben dem traditionellen Fokus auf die Verminderung des Aspirationsrisikos auch die pathophysiologischen Folgen (zu) langer Nüchternzeiten in die Überlegungen mit einbezogen. Ziel ist, nicht mehr ausschließlich eine standardisierte Empfehlung, sondern optimale, für die individuellen Patientengruppen zugeschnittene Nüchternzeiten zu gewährleisten [1] [2] [3] [4].
Abstract
Recommendations regarding preoperative fasting have been an integral part of
anaesthesiological practice for decades. In recent years, in addition to the traditional
focus on reducing the risk of aspiration, the pathophysiological consequences of
(excessively) long fasting periods have increasingly been taken into consideration.
The
aim is no longer exclusively to provide standardised recommendations that are applicable
to as large a group of patients as possible, but to achieve implementation that
results
in short, realistic fasting periods for patients.
It remains important to reliably
identify patients who are at potentially increased risk of perioperative aspiration
to
individually adjust not only the immediate perioperative procedure but also the
preoperative fasting periods. Patients with delayed gastric emptying play a significant
role in this context. This can occur idiopathically but also in the context of
comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, Parkinson’s disease, autoimmune diseases,
diseases of the autonomic nervous system or connective tissue (e.g. scleroderma),
infections of the gastrointestinal tract or after previous major surgery. In addition,
numerous medications – including opioids, tricyclic antidepressants and GLP-1 receptor
agonists in particular – can lead to significant delayed gastric
emptying.
Particularly vulnerable risk groups in connection with excessively long
fasting periods are children, the very elderly and frail, pregnant women and women
in
labour. These groups must be protected from excessively long fasting periods because
they have limited compensatory mechanisms.
The following overview provides an update
on preoperative fasting in children, older people and pregnant women and presents
further risk constellations associated with delayed gastric emptying. It can be
seen as
a best practice recommendation for specific issues.
-
Bei Kindern konnte die Evidenz der Sicherheit einer „Sip-til-send“-Regel („Trinken bis zum Abruf“) für klare Flüssigkeiten und einer Nüchternzeit von < 4 h für non-humane Milch, Fertigmilch und eine kleine leichte Mahlzeit durch neue Studien erhöht werden.
-
Ältere Menschen können aufgrund verschiedener Komorbiditäten und Medikamente eine verzögerte Magenentleerung aufweisen; diese sind in den meisten Fällen jedoch klinisch nicht relevant und erfordern keine Verlängerung der üblichen Nüchternheitszeiten.
-
Präoperative Dehydratation ist bei älteren Patient*innen ein unterschätzter Risikofaktor für Delir und postoperatives Nierenversagen – die Vermeidung unnötiger Nüchternheit, gezielte Flüssigkeitszufuhr und ein „carbohydrate loading“ sind einfache Präventionsmaßnahmen.
-
Für Schwangere wird ausdrücklich die Aufnahme leichter Nahrung während unkomplizierter Geburten empfohlen. Ein weniger restriktives Nüchternkonzept unter der Geburt scheint die Länge des Geburtsverlaufs positiv zu beeinflussen.
-
Es gibt keine Hinweise, dass das Aspirationsrisiko bei Kindern mit insulinpflichtigem Diabetes mellitus erhöht ist; für diese Kinder gelten deshalb die gleichen Nüchternheitszeiten wie für andere Kinder.
-
Die Leitlinie der ESAIC (European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care) spricht sich gegen eine gesonderte Betrachtung der Nüchternzeiten für Kinder mit gastroösophagealer Refluxkrankheit aus.
-
Morbus Parkinson führt häufig zu einer verzögerten Magenentleerung, jedoch sollte das präoperative Fasten nicht unnötig verlängert werden – essenziell ist die perioperative Fortführung der Parkinson-Medikation.
-
Medikamente wie Opioide, Inkretinanaloga und Anticholinergika können die Magenentleerung verzögern – eine Verlängerung der Nüchternheitszeiten ist bislang ausschließlich bei Einnahme von GLP-1-Agonisten empfohlen.
-
Die Beurteilung des Magenvolumens durch Point-of-Care-Ultraschall (POCUS) nach Unfällen/Trauma kann hilfreiche Hinweise für das Vorgehen in Narkose geben.
Schlüsselwörter
Anästhesie - Nüchternheit - Nüchternzeit - Kinder - ältere Patienten - Zerebralparese - Schwangere - Sectio caesarea - SondenernährungPublikationsverlauf
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
25. November 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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