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DOI: 10.1055/a-2632-2428
Labordiagnostische Aufarbeitung von Körperhöhlenergüssen bei Hunden und Katzen
Diagnostic work-up of body cavity effusions in dogs and cats
Zusammenfassung
Patienten mit Körperhöhlenergüssen werden in der tierärztlichen Praxis häufig vorstellig. Die Ursachen der Ergussbildung sind jedoch vielfältig, und um Rückschlüsse auf die zugrundeliegende Pathogenese zu erhalten, ist eine weitere labordiagnostische Aufarbeitung essenziell.
Mit Hilfe von einfachen, in der Regel in jedem Praxislabor zur Verfügung stehenden Hilfsmitteln (u. a. Refraktometer, Hämatologiegerät/Zählkammer, Mikroskop) kann bereits eine erste Zuordnung und Eingrenzung des Pathomechanismus (Transsudat versus Exsudat) erfolgen. Zur Ergussanalyse gehören die makroskopische Beurteilung, die Ermittlung des Proteingehalts, die Bestimmung der Zellzahl sowie gegebenenfalls der Erythrozytenzahl oder des Hämatokrits und die zytologische Beurteilung von Direkt- und Anreicherungspräparaten (bei zellarmen Flüssigkeiten). In einigen Fällen kann zudem eine Kultivierung von Mikroorganismen (bei Verdacht auf eine zugrundeliegende Infektion) sowie die Analyse verschiedener klinisch-chemischer Parameter angezeigt sein; z. B. eine Bestimmung der Triglyzeride bei Verdacht auf einen zugrundeliegenden Chylus, die Messung des Kreatinins und/oder des Kaliums bei Verdacht auf ein Uroperitoneum oder die Messung des Bilirubins bei Verdacht auf eine Galleperitonitis. Darüber hinaus beschäftigen sich einige Studien mit Markern, die sich zur Unterscheidung von Transsudat und Exsudat sowie zur Unterscheidung von infektiösen und sterilen Entzündungsprozessen eignen (z. B. Glukose, Laktat, Laktatdehydrogenase).
In diesem Übersichtsartikel findet sich eine systematische Anleitung für die Aufarbeitung und Untersuchung von Körperhöhlenergüssen bei Hund und Katze, um mögliche Differenzialdiagnosen weitestgehend einzugrenzen.
Auch bei Versand in ein externes Labor sind die korrekte Aufbereitung der Ergussflüssigkeit sowie die Angaben zum Patienten (Signalement, Vorbericht, Vorbehandlungen, klinische Untersuchung, bildgebende und labordiagnostische Befunde) und die Ergebnisse der praxis-internen Ergussanalyse wichtig, damit die Untersuchenden eine möglichst genaue Diagnose oder zugrundeliegende Pathomechanismen nennen können.
Abstract
Patients with body cavity effusions are often seen in veterinary practice.
However, the underlying causes of effusion formation are numerous and to draw conclusions about the underlying pathogenesis, further laboratory diagnostic work-up is essential.
An initial classification of the pathomechanism (transudate versus exudate) may already be achieved using simple tools that are generally available in every practice (e. g. refractometer, hematology device/counting chamber, microscope). The effusion analysis includes macroscopic assessment, evaluation of the protein content, determination of the nucleated cell count and, if necessary, red blood cell count or the hematocrit and the cytological evaluation of direct and enrichment preparations (in the case of cell-poor fluids).
In some instances, the cultivation of microorganisms (if an underlying infection is suspected) and/or the analysis of certain biochemical parameters may also be indicated; e. g. measurement of triglycerides when chylous effusion is suspected, measurement of creatinine and/or potassium if a uroperitoneum is suspected or the measurement of bilirubin if biliary peritonitis represents a concern.
In addition, some studies focus on markers that may be used to differentiate between transudate and exudate as well as between infectious and sterile inflammatory processes (e. g. glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase).
This review article provides systematic instructions for the work-up and examination of body cavity effusions in dogs and cats, in order to narrow down potential differential diagnoses wherever possible.
Even when sent to a reference laboratory, the correct preparation of the effusion fluid and the information on the patient (signalment, history, pre-medications, clinical examination, imaging and laboratory diagnostic findings) as well as the results of the in-house effusion analysis are important so that the examiners are able to provide the most accurate diagnosis or underlying pathomechanism.
Schlüsselwörter
Ergussanalyse - Punktat - Zellzahl - Proteingehalt - Zytologie - klinisch-chemische AnalyseKeywords
Effusion analysis - puncture fluid - cell count - protein content - cytology - biochemical analysisPublication History
Received: 07 April 2025
Accepted: 08 July 2025
Article published online:
02 September 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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