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DOI: 10.1055/a-2703-6336
Food impactions in the esophagus: incidence, causes, and treatment
Bolus-Ereignisse im Ösophagus: Inzidenz, Ursachen und TherapieAuthors
Abstract
Background
Food impactions in the esophagus are gastroenterologic emergencies. Their incidence is suspected to increase. Standard therapy is endoscopic removal. According to European guidelines from 2016, gently pushing the food forward with the endoscope is safe and efficient. This has recently been doubted, and a retrograde extraction of the food bolus was supposed to be safer.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed all food impactions in our database over 16 years regarding incidence per year, age, sex, underlying disease, method of removal, success rate, and safety.
Results
From 2008 to 2024, 99 patients were included. Incidence of food impactions increased logarithmically from one per year to 22 per year (p < 0.001). Seventy-nine patients were male (80%; p < 0.001). Underlying diseases were reflux-associated lesions, eosinophilic esophagitis, pseudodiverticulosis, hernia, achalasia, candidiasis, and others. Fifty-five were pushed forward prior to 2016, afterwards it were 74 (56% and 75% respectively; p < 0.001). Success rate was 100 percent for all techniques. We observed two minor adverse events in the forward-pushing group vs. one in the extraction group (not significant).
Conclusion
Our data confirms that food obstructions are on the rise and that the vast majority of patients are male. There is no typical underlying disease but a wide variety of rare diseases which together form the basis for the increase. Pushing forward is as safe as is extracting the food, so we see no necessity to change the existing guidelines.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Bolus-Impaktationen sind gastroenterologische Notfälle mit vermutlich steigender Inzidenz. Standardtherapie ist die endoskopische Entfernung. Hierbei ist gemäß Leitlinie des Jahres 2016 das sanfte Vorschieben des Bolus sicher und effizient. Dies wurde kürzlich angezweifelt und die retrograde Extraktion als sicherer empfohlen.
Methoden
Wir analysierten retrospektiv alle Bolusereignisse in unserer Datenbank über 16 Jahre hinsichtlich Inzidenz, Alter, Geschlecht, Grunderkrankung, Entfernungsmethode, Erfolgsrate und Sicherheit.
Ergebnisse
99 Bolusereignisse wurden ausgewertet. Von 2008 bis 2024 stieg die jährliche Inzidenz logarithmisch von 1 auf 22 (p<0,001). 79 Patienten waren männlich (80%; p<0,001). Grunderkrankungen waren Reflux, eosinophile Ösophagitis, Pseudodivertikulose, Hernie, Achalasie, Candidiasis und andere. Vor 2016 wurden 55 Boli vorgeschoben (56%), danach 74 (75%). Die Erfolgsrate lag für beide Techniken bei 100 Prozent. Wir beobachteten zwei kleinere Komplikationen in der Vorschub-Gruppe und eine in der Extraktions-Gruppe (nicht signifikant).
Diskussion
Unsere Daten bestätigen die Vermutung, dass Bolusereignisse deutlich zugenommen haben, und dass die überwiegende Mehrheit der Patienten männlich ist. Grundlage ist weniger eine einzelne typische Erkrankung, sondern eine Vielzahl eher seltener Erkrankungen zusammengenommen. Bezüglich Erfolg und Sicherheit sind Vorschub und Extraktion gleichwertig. Wir sehen daher keine Notwendigkeit, die bestehenden Leitlinien zu ändern.
Keywords
Food impaction - esophageal food obstruction - bolus - bolus removal - esophagus - endoscopy - endoscopic emergencySchlüsselwörter
Steckengebliebene Nahrung - Verlegung der Speiseröhre durch Nahrung - Bolus - Bolusentfernung - Ösophagus - Endoskopie - endoskopischer NotfallPublication History
Received: 14 February 2025
Accepted after revision: 21 May 2025
Article published online:
08 October 2025
© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
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