Download PDF
J Knee Surg
DOI: 10.1055/a-2741-1195
Original Article

Testosterone Replacement Therapy Is Associated with Extensor Mechanism Disruption after Total Knee Arthroplasty

Authors

  • José Ayala-Ortiz

    1   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States

  • Sean Taylor

    1   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States

  • Hassan Ghomrawi

    1   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States

  • Farzam Farahani

    1   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States

  • Chase Hobbs

    1   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States

  • Gerald McGwin

    2   Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States

  • Scott Mabry

    1   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States

Funding Information No funding was received for conducting this study.
Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Use of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has increased significantly in the last few years and has been linked to tendon ruptures after a number of orthopedic procedures. Knee extensor mechanism disruption (EMD) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) leads to significant morbidity and a decline in patients' quality of life. However, its association with TRT use remains unclear. We aimed to determine the association between TRT and the risk of EMD in patients undergoing primary TKA. This retrospective cohort study utilized the Merative MarketScan database to identify adults aged ≥ 18 years who underwent primary TKA between 2015 and 2022, with a minimum follow-up of 3 years. Knee EMD, defined as ruptures of the quadriceps tendon, patellar tendon, or fractures of the patella, was identified using ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) codes. TRT use was defined as patients filling prescriptions for at least 3 months before the index surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to determine the independent risk of TRT on risk of EMD. Among 34,911 patients, 1,711 (4.9%) were on TRT, and 166 (0.48%) were identified with knee EMD. More than half of the cohort were aged 40 to 59 years (57.3%, n = 20,018) and female (59.6%, n = 20,820). Preoperative TRT was associated with more than twice the likelihood of developing knee EMD (odds ratio [OR]: 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39–4.09; p = 0.002). In sex-stratified analyses, the association was observed in males (OR: 3.00, 95% CI: 1.64–5.49; p = 0.0002) but not in females (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.27–4.46). Other significant risk factors included smoking (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.02–2.08; p = 0.038), postoperative fluoroquinolone use (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.06–2.36; p = 0.024), and female sex (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.03–2.01; p = 0.034). Preoperative TRT was identified as the most important risk factor for developing knee EMD after TKA. These findings underscore the importance of recognizing and addressing this risk factor and counseling patients on its potential risks on postoperative outcomes.

Keywords

total knee arthroplasty - extensor mechanism disruption - testosterone replacement therapy - tobacco - female

Contributors' Statement

J.L.A.-O.: conceptualization, writing—original draft, validation. S.T.: Writing—original draft, validation. H.G.: writing—review and editing, visualization. F.F.: writing—original draft. C.H.: writing—original draft. G.M.: data curation, formal analysis. S.M.: writing—review and editing, supervision.


Ethical Approval

The University of Alabama at Birmingham granted an exemption for this study, as it did not involve direct interaction with human subjects.


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 28 April 2025

Accepted: 06 November 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
12 November 2025

Article published online:
28 November 2025

© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA