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J Knee Surg
DOI: 10.1055/a-2741-1676
Original Article

Association between Varus Mechanical Alignment and Medial Meniscus Tears: A Retrospective Study

Authors

  • Zhiheng Lan

    1   Department of Arthrosis, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China

  • Yuan An

    2   Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China

  • Juan Wang

    1   Department of Arthrosis, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China

  • Wenhua Liang

    3   Department of Imaging, Hebei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China

  • Juyuan Gu

    1   Department of Arthrosis, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China

  • Xiaozuo Zheng 

    1   Department of Arthrosis, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China

Funding Information Hebei Provincial Health Commission guiding topic [20221162].
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Abstract

Varus mechanical alignment of the knee is a recognized contributor to medial compartment osteoarthritis (OA). Medial meniscus tears (MMT) frequently occur with knee OA. The present study aimed to analyze the association between mechanical alignment and MMT. We retrospectively analyzed 201 knee joints from patients with knee pain who underwent whole-leg weight-bearing radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Mechanical alignment was quantified using the hip–knee–ankle angle (HKAA), measured independently by two radiologists with excellent interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.93). MMTs were assessed on MRI with high diagnostic agreement (κ = 0.87). Based on MRI findings, participants were classified into two groups: those with MMT (n = 104) and those without MMT (n = 97). Group comparisons were performed using t-tests and chi-square tests. Patients with MMT had greater varus alignment (HKAA: −6.2 ± 3.4 vs. −2.4 ± 1.4 degrees, p < 0.001), were older (53.7 ± 8.3 vs. 49.3 ± 9.0 years, p < 0.001), and had higher body mass index (26.6 ± 3.0 vs. 25.2 ± 2.4 kg/m2, p = 0.001). Sex distribution did not differ between groups (p = 0.479). Logistic regression identified HKAA as the only independent predictor of MMT. When entered as a continuous variable, each additional degree of varus increased the odds of MMT nearly 2-fold (adjusted OR = 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64–2.47, p < 0.001). The complementary binary analysis showed that patients with varus alignment had over a 3-fold higher risk of MMT compared with those with neutral or valgus alignment (OR = 3.25, 95% CI: 1.85–5.72, p < 0.001). Posterior horn tears were the most common subtype (47.1%), followed by multisite tears (33.7%). MMTs are strongly associated with varus mechanical alignment. Each incremental degree of varus increased the likelihood of MMT, and posterior horn tears were the most prevalent subtype. These findings highlight the pivotal role of mechanical alignment in the prevention, early detection, and management of MMT.

Keywords

varus alignment - medial meniscus tear - hip–knee–ankle angle - osteoarthritis

Data Availability Statement

The simulation experiment data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.


Contributors' Statement

Guarantor of integrity of the entire study: J.G.; study concepts: J.G.; study design: J.G.; definition of intellectual content: X.Z.; literature research: Z.L.; clinical studies: J.G., Z.L.; experimental studies: J.G., Z.L.; data acquisition: Y.A., W.L.; data analysis: Y.A., W.L.; statistical analysis: J.W.; manuscript preparation: Z.L.; manuscript editing: J.G., Z.L.; manuscript review: J.G., X.Z..


Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study is approved by the Ethics Committee of The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, written informed consent was obtained.


Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.


Human Ethics

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study is approved by the Ethics Committee of The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University [W2022-061-1]; written informed consent was obtained.




Publication History

Received: 03 June 2025

Accepted: 06 November 2025

Article published online:
05 December 2025

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