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DOI: 10.1055/a-2761-4259
Imaging of the intrinsic muscles of the hand – part I: high-resolution ultrasound and 3T MRI appearance of symptomatic anatomical variants
Bildgebung der intrinsischen Handmuskulatur. Teil I: Hochauflösender Ultraschall und 3-T-MRT-Befunde symptomatischer anatomischer VariantenAuthors
Abstract
Background
The intrinsic muscles of the hand (IMH) include the thenar muscles, hypothenar muscles, lumbrical muscles, dorsal interosseous muscles (DIOM), and ventral interosseous muscles (VIOM). The thenar muscles consist of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB), opponens pollicis (OPP), flexor pollicis brevis (FPB), and adductor pollicis (ADP). The hypothenar muscles comprise the abductor digiti minimi (ADM), flexor digiti minimi (FDM), and opponens digiti minimi (ODM). Numerous anatomical variants of the IMH exist – including the accessory abductor digiti minimi (aADM), adductor hypothenar muscle, extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM), lumbrical muscle (LM) variants, and accessory flexor digitorum superficialis of the index finger. Although these variants are common, they can cause symptoms, especially in nerve compression syndromes such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) from median nerve (MN) compression or Guyon’s canal syndrome from ulnar nerve (UN) compression. Knowledge of these variants and their imaging characteristics facilitates understanding of related pathologies and contributes to improved therapeutic management. These muscle variants are diagnosed using high-resolution ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Method
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the normal anatomy of the IMH, their anatomical variants, and their imaging features. High-resolution US is the primary modality for studying the IMH, while high-field 3T MRI offers excellent spatial resolution and contrast.
Results and Conclusion
Understanding the anatomy and anatomical variants of the IMH is essential for accurately assessing both normal and pathological conditions using US and MRI.
Key Points
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Variants of the intrinsic hand muscles can be reliably diagnosed by ultrasound and high-resolution MRI.
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Accessory abductor digiti minimi (aADM) may cause compression of the ulnar nerve within the Guyon’s canal.
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Extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM) can mimic a dorsal pseudotumoral soft-tissue mass.
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Variants of the lumbrical muscles may compress the median nerve within the carpal tunnel.
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Accessory flexor digitorum superficialis indicis can simulate a tumor or cause carpal tunnel syndrome.
Citation Format
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Bouredoucen H, Boudabbous S, Poletti P et al. Imaging of the intrinsic muscles of the hand - part I: high-resolution ultrasound and 3T MRI appearance of symptomatic anatomical variants. Rofo 2025; DOI 10.1055/a-2761-4259
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die intrinsischen Handmuskeln (IHM) umfassen die Thenarmuskeln, Hypothenarmuskeln, Lumbrikalmuskeln, dorsalen Interossären Muskeln (DIOM) und ventralen Interossären Muskeln (VIOM). Die Thenarmuskeln bestehen aus dem Musculus abductor pollicis brevis (APB), Musculus opponens pollicis (OPP), Musculus flexor pollicis brevis (FPB) und Musculus adductor pollicis (ADP). Die Hypothenarmuskeln umfassen den Musculus abductor digiti minimi (ADM), Musculus flexor digiti minimi (FDM) und Musculus opponens digiti minimi (ODM). Anatomische Varianten der IHM, wie der akzessorische Musculus abductor digiti minimi (aADM), der adductor hypothenaris, der Musculus extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM), Varianten der Lumbrikalmuskeln (LM) sowie der akzessorische Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis indicis, sind zahlreich, aber nicht selten. Obwohl diese Varianten häufig vorkommen, können sie Symptome verursachen, insbesondere bei Nervenkompressionssyndromen wie dem Karpaltunnelsyndrom (KTS) durch Kompression des Nervus medianus (NM) oder dem Guyon-Kanal-Syndrom durch Kompression des Nervus ulnaris. Das Wissen über diese Varianten und deren bildgebende Diagnostik erleichtert das Verständnis der Pathologien und trägt zu einer besseren therapeutischen Behandlung bei. Die Diagnose erfolgt mittels hochauflösender Ultraschalluntersuchung (US) und Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT).
Methode
Dieser Übersichtsartikel bietet eine umfassende Darstellung der normalen Anatomie der IHM, ihrer anatomischen Varianten und deren bildgebender Merkmale. Hauptdiagnoseverfahren sind hochauflösender Ultraschall und 3-Tesla MRT, die exzellente räumliche Auflösung und Kontrast bieten.
Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung
Die Kenntnis der Anatomie und der anatomischen Varianten der IHM ist essenziell für die Beurteilung normaler und pathologischer Befunde mittels Ultraschall und MRT.
Kernaussagen
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Intrinsische Handmuskelvarianten können zuverlässig mittels Ultraschall und hochauflösender MRT diagnostiziert werden.
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Der akzessorische Musculus abductor digiti minimi (aADM) kann den Ulnarisnerv im Guyon-Kanal komprimieren.
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Der Musculus extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM) simuliert eine pseudotumorale Weichteilraumforderung am Handrücken.
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Varianten der Lumbrikalmuskeln können den Nervus medianus im Karpaltunnel komprimieren.
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Der akzessorische Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis indicis kann einen Tumor simulieren oder ein Karpaltunnelsyndrom verursachen.
Keywords
Intrinsic muscles of the hand - Anatomical variants - Carpal tunnel syndrome - Guyon’s Canal Syndrome - MRI imagingPublication History
Received: 06 August 2025
Accepted after revision: 10 September 2025
Article published online:
08 January 2026
© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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