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Open Access
CC BY 4.0 · VCOT Open 2025; 08(02): e168-e175
DOI: 10.1055/a-2769-0803
Original Research

Effects of Ilial and Ischial Osteotomy Angles on the Structural Pelvic Anatomy in Triple and 2.5 Pelvic Osteotomy Using 3D-printed Bone Models

Authors

  • Georg Papadopoulos

    1   Small Animal Referral Clinic Dr. Papadopoulos und Eßrich, Berlin, Germany

  • Matteo Tommasini Degna

    2   Chirurgia Veterinaria Percha, Percha, Italy

  • Mario Ricciardi

    3   Private Practitioner, CT-MRI Support Service, Bari, Italy
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Abstract

Objective

To describe the effects of varying ilial and ischial osteotomy angles on the structural anatomy of the pelvis in triple (TPO) and 2.5 pelvic osteotomy (2.5 PO) models regarding femoral head coverage (FHC), interischiatic tuberosity distance (ITD), and displacement of the caudal ilial fragment.

Study Design

Descriptive, anatomical study on three-dimensionally printed, pelvic models.

Methods

A total of 10 identical three-dimensionally printed polyethylene models replicating a non-dysplastic, pelvic specimen of a 20 kg dog were used. Three types of ilial osteotomy were compared in TPO models and combined with two types of ischial osteotomy in 2.5 PO models. Computed tomography (CT) scans were performed, and measurements were obtained using multiplanar reconstructed (MPR) images and thick-slab mean rendering.

Results

The ilial osteotomy perpendicular to the pelvic floor (TC) provided greater and more equally distributed FHC in TPO and 2.5 PO models. Combination of TC ilial osteotomy with a sagittal ischial osteotomy (LO) resulted in the least amount of displacement of the caudal ilial fragment in 2.5 PO. Medially angled ischial osteotomy (MO) resulted in a high degree of lateralization of the caudal ilial segment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Ilial osteotomy perpendicular to the pelvic floor (TC) may potentially reduce bending and shearing forces on implants and bone in TPO and 2.5 PO surgery. Sagittal orientation of the partial ischial osteotomy in 2.5 PO appears to be imperative to achieve reduction of the ilial osteotomy site. Clinical relevance of these findings would need to be investigated further.

Keywords

TPO - triple pelvic osteotomy - 2.5 pelvic osteotomy - hip dysplasia - dog - 3D-printed bone model


Publication History

Received: 13 September 2025

Accepted: 09 December 2025

Article published online:
30 December 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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