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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109664
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Erinnerung an einen Amnestiker (und ein halbes Jahrhundert Gedächtnisforschung)
Remembering an Amnesic Patient (and Half a Century of Memory Research)Publication History
Publication Date:
07 September 2009 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Die Entwicklung der Gedächtnisforschung ist untrennbar mit dem Schicksal des Patienten HM verbunden. Anlässlich seines Todes wird an die Umstände erinnert, die 1953 bei ihm zu der beidseitigen Entfernung von Teilen des mediotemporalen Kortex führten; ferner wird die Bedeutung der nachfolgenden mehr als 50-jährigen Erforschung seiner postoperativen amnestischen Störungen und seiner verbliebenen Lern- und Gedächtnisleistungen beschrieben. Die ersten Untersuchungsergebnisse gaben den Anstoß dafür, durch tierexperimentelle Forschung in enger Interaktion mit klinischen Studien an weiteren Patienten die damals vorherrschende antilokalisationistische Vorstellung von Gehirnfunktionen aufzugeben; denn es wurde unwiderruflich klar, dass das Gedächtnis unabhängig von anderen kognitiven Funktionen beschädigt werden konnte. Spätere Untersuchungen führten dazu, auch das Gedächtnis selbst nicht mehr als ein einheitliches Phänomen betrachten zu können. Vielmehr war man gezwungen, es mehr und mehr aufzugliedern und in differenzierter Weise bestimmten neuroanatomischen Strukturen zuzuordnen. Es wird eine zusammenfassende vereinfachte Darstellung aktueller Vorstellungen von den Systemen des deklarativen Gedächtnisses gegeben, deren neuroanatomisches Substrat in mediotemporalen, dienzephalen und frontal-kortikalen Strukturen gesehen wird. Schließlich wird versucht, sich der Frage zu nähern, was es für den Menschen HM bedeutet haben mag, wenn er seit seinem 27. Lebensjahr keine neuen, bewusst abrufbaren Erinnerungen mehr zur Verfügung hatte und sein Leben bis zu seinem Tode mit 82 Jahren gewissermaßen nur aus Kindheits- und Jugenderinnerungen sowie dem jeweils augenblicklichen Moment bestand.
Abstract
The development of memory research is inextricably bound to the fate of patient HM. On the occasion of his death, the circumstances are remembered, which lead to the bilateral removal of parts of his medio-temporal cortex in 1953. And the importance of the subsequent more than a half-century of research about his postoperative amnesic deficits as well as remaining learning and memory functions are outlined. The early reports triggered improved animal research which together with parallel investigations on HM and patients with similar deficits eventually lead to the downfall of the up until then dominating antilocalisationist view of brain functions. This was the result of having convincingly shown that memory could be severely impaired without major changes in other cognitive functions. Later investigations lead to question the unity of memory itself and forced a more and more differentiated description of different kinds of memory and their associations with separate neuroanatomical structures. A simplified summary of the resulting recent ideas of declarative memory systems is presented together with an outline of connections to their supporting medio-temporal, diencephalic and frontal-cortical structures. Finally, an attempt is made to address the question about the impact on the person HM of not having been able to form consciously retrievable memories from age 27 until his death at age of 82, thus having to rely for a reconstruction of his life on memories from child- and young adulthood as well as single momentary short-lived experiences.
Schlüsselwörter
Lernen - Gedächtnis - Amnesie - Hippokampus - Patient HM
Key words
learning - memory - amnesia - hippocampus - patient HM
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