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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1124007
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Pharmaka-induzierte Herzklappenveränderungen
Drug-induced valvular heart diseasePublication History
eingereicht: 25.8.2008
akzeptiert: 27.11.2008
Publication Date:
10 February 2009 (online)

Einleitung
Den wesentlichen Grundpfeiler der medikamentösen Therapie bei Morbus Parkinson stellen Dopaminagonisten dar [30]. Wie bei anderen Pharmaka können auch während der Behandlung mit Dopaminagonisten unerwünschte Begleitwirkungen auftreten. Das Nebenwirkungsspektrum dieser Substanzen betrifft im Wesentlichen orthostatische Hypotonie, Dyskinesien und Halluzinationen bis hin zu Psychosen. Bei Dopaminagonisten mit Ergot-Struktur, die von den Mutterkornalkaloiden abstammen, sind zusätzlich pleuropulmonale und retroperitoneale Fibrosen als unerwünschte Begleitwirkung zu befürchten [8] [21] [26] . Letztes Jahr beschrieben zwei Studien im New England Journal of Medicine [43] [53], dass es unter einer Therapie mit den Dopaminagonisten Pergolid und Cabergolin zu kardiovaskulären Nebenwirkungen im Sinne einer Schädigung der Herzklappen kommen kann. Ähnlich dazu berichteten im Jahre 1997 Connolly et al., dass die als Appetitzügler bei Adipositas verwendeten Pharmaka Fenfluramin/Phentermin und Dexfenfluramin mit ausgeprägten Herzklappenveränderungen assoziiert sein können [6]. Echokardiographisch zeigt sich dabei eine Verdickung der Herzklappen und der Chordae tendinae. In beiden Fällen erinnert dieses Phänomen an Herzklappenveränderungen, die in der Vergangenheit bei Serotonin-sezernierenden Karzinoid-Tumoren [38] und bei Therapie mit Ergot-Derivaten [37] beschrieben wurden.
Trotz Unkenntnis über den genauen Mechanismus liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass die kardialen Effekte über 5-HT2B-Rezeptoren (5-Hydroxytryptamin-Rezeptoren), einen Subtyp der Serotoninrezeptoren, vermittelt werden [39]. Diese Rezeptoren finden sich in großer Vielzahl an den menschlichen Herzklappen und scheinen u. a. für eine normale Klappenentwicklung essentiell zu sein [39]. Dies könnte erklären, warum nicht alle Pharmaka, die in den Serotoninmetabolismus eingreifen, die Herzklappen schädigen, sondern nur diejenigen, die 5-HT2B-Rezeptoren aktivieren. Die vorliegende Übersicht beschäftigt sich mit Substanzen, die entsprechende Herzklappenveränderungen hervorrufen können und soll die hohe Relevanz für die klinische Praxis aufzeigen.
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Dr. med. Daniela Blaschke
Charité – Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Medizinische Klinik
mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie
Augustenburger Platz
1
13353 Berlin
Phone: 030/450653366
Fax: 030/450553957
Email: daniela.blaschke@charite.de