Int J Sports Med 2013; 34(01): 87-82
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1311652
Genetics & Molecular Biology
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Effect of Nandrolone Decanoate on Skeletal Muscle Repair

R. F. Piovesan
1   Mestrado em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
,
K.P. S. Fernandes
1   Mestrado em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
,
A. N. Alves
1   Mestrado em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
,
V. P. Teixeira
1   Mestrado em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
,
J. A. Silva Junior
1   Mestrado em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
,
M. D. Martins
2   Patologia Bucal Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
,
S. K. Bussadori
1   Mestrado em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
,
R. Albertini
1   Mestrado em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
,
R. A. Mesquita-Ferrari
1   Mestrado em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted after revision 02 April 2012

Publication Date:
12 July 2012 (online)

Abstract

This study analyzed the effect of nandrolone decanoate (ND) on muscle repair and the expression of myogenic regulatory factors following cryoinjury in rat skeletal muscle. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, sham group, cryoinjured group treated with ND and non-injured group treated with ND. Treatment consisted of subcutaneous injections of ND (5 mg/kg) twice a week. After sacrifice, the tibialis anterior muscle was removed for the isolation of total RNA and analysis of myogenic regulatory factors using real-time PCR as well as morphological analysis using the hematoxylin-eosin assay. There was a significant increase in MyoD mRNA after 7 days and in myogenin mRNA after 21 days in the cryoinjured ND group in comparison to other groups in the same period. The morphological analysis revealed no edema or myonecrosis after 7 days as well as no edema or inflammatory infiltrate after 14 days in the cryoinjured ND group. In conclusion the anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate can modulate the muscle repair process in rats following cryoinjury by influencing the expression of regulatory myogenic factors and phases of muscle repair.

 
  • References

  • 1 Adams GR, Haddad F, Baldwin KM. Time course of changes in markers of myogenesis in overloaded rat skeletal muscles. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 1705-1712
  • 2 Allouh MZ, Rosser BW. Nandrolone decanoate increases satellite cell numbers in the chicken pectoralis muscle. Histol Histopathol 2010; 25: 133-140
  • 3 Almeida FL, Pessotti NS, Pinhal D, Padovani CR, Leitão NJ, Carvalho RF, Martins C, Portella MC, Dal Pai-Silva M. Quantitative expression of myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and myogenin in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) skeletal muscle during growth. Micron 2010; 41: 997-1004
  • 4 Baptista J, Martins M, Pavesi V, Bussadori S, Fernandes KPS, Mesquita-Ferrari RA. Influence of laser photobiomodulation on collagen IV during skeletal muscle tissue remodeling following injury in rats. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 29: 11-17
  • 5 Bischoff R, Heintz C. Enhancement of skeletal muscle regeneration. Dev Dyn 1994; 201: 41-54
  • 6 Cabane C, Englaro W, Yeon K, Ragno M, Dérijard B. Regulation of C2C12 myogenic terminal differentation by mkk3/p38 alpha pathway. Am J Physiol 2003; 284: C658-C666
  • 7 Caiozzo VJ, Wu YZ, Baker MJ, Crumley R. Effects of denervation on cell cycle control in laryngeal muscle. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130: 1056-1068
  • 8 Carson JA, White JP, Baltgalvis KA, Washington TA, Jepson MJ, Thompson RW. Nandrolone decanoate administration and skeletal muscle regeneration. FASEB J 2007; 21: 1420-1430
  • 9 Chan YS, Li Y, Foster W, Horaguchi T, Somogyi G, Fu FH, Huard J. Antifibrotic effects of suramin in injured skeletal muscle after laceration. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95: 771-780
  • 10 Chargé SB, Rudnicki MA. Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration. Physiol Rev 2004; 84: 209-238
  • 11 Dogra C, Hall SL, Wedhas N, Linkhart TA, Kumar A. Fibroblast growth factor inducible-14 (Fn14) is required for the expression of myogenic regulatory factors and differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes: Evidence for TWEAK-independent functions of Fn14 during myogenesis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 15000-15010
  • 12 Dominov JA, Dunn JJ, Miller JB. Bcl-2 expression identifies an early stage of myogenesis and promotes clonal expansion of muscle cells. J Cell Biol 1998; 142: 537-544
  • 13 Durigan JL, Peviani SM, Russo TL, Delfino GB, Ribeiro JU, Cominetti MR, Selistre-de-Araujo HS, Salvini TF. Effects of alternagin-c from bothrops alternatus on gene expression and activity of metalloproteinases in regenerating skeletal muscle. Toxicon 2008; 52: 687-694
  • 14 Gentile MA, Nantermet PV, Vogel RL, Phillips R, Holder D, Hodor P, Cheng C, Dai H, Freedman LP, Ray WJ. Androgen-mediated improvement of body composition and muscle function involves a novel early transcriptional program including IGF1, mechano growth factor, and induction of {beta}-catenin. J Mol Endocrinol 2010; 44: 55-73
  • 15 Gomez M. The physiology and biochemistry of soft tissue healing. In: Griffin L. (ed.). Rehabilitation of the Injured Knee. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Company; 1995: 34-44
  • 16 Haddad F, Roy RR, Zhong H, Edgerton VR, Baldwin KM. Atrophy responses to muscle inactivity. II. Molecular markers of protein deficits. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95: 791-802
  • 17 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update – ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
  • 18 Hawke TJ, Garry DJ. Myogenic satellite cells: physiology to molecular biology. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91: 534-551
  • 19 Huard J, Li Y, Fu FH. Muscle injuries and repair: Current trends in research. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002; 84: 822-832
  • 20 Jin Y, Murakami M, Saito Y, Goto Y, Koishi K, Nonaka Y. Expression of MyoD and myogenin in dystrophic mice, mdx and dy, during regeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2000; 99: 619-627
  • 21 Kook SH, Hyun JL, Wan TC, Hwang IH, Lee SA, Kim BS, Lee JC. Cyclic mechanical stretch stimulates the proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts and inhibits their differentiation via prolonged activation of p38 MAPK. Mol Cells 2008; 25: 479-486
  • 22 Koskinen SO, Wang W, Ahtikoski AM, Kjær M, Han XY, Komulainen J, Kovanen V, Takala TE. Turnover of basement membrane type IV collagen in exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury. Am J Physiol 2001; 280: R1292-R1300
  • 23 Krauss RS, Cole F, Gaio U, Takaesu G, Zang W, Kang JS. Close encounters: regulation of vertebrate skeletal myogenesis by cell-cell contact. J Cell Sci 2005; 118: 2355-2362
  • 24 Langen RC, Van Der Velden JL, Schols AM, Kelders MC, Wouters EF, Janssen-Heininger YM. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits myogenic differentiation through MyoD protein destabilization. FASEB J 2004; 18: 227-237
  • 25 Lindström M, Pedrosa-Domellöf F, Thornell LE. Satellite cell heterogeneity with respect to expression of MyoD, myogenin, Dlk1 and c-Met in human skeletal muscle: application to a cohort of power lifters and sedentary men. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 134: 371-385
  • 26 Lynch GS, Schertzer JD, Ryall JG. Anabolic agents for improving muscle regeneration and function after injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35: 852-858
  • 27 Marqueti RC, Prestes J, Paschoal M, Ramos OHP, Perez SEA, Carvalho HF, Selistre-de-Araújo HS. Matrix metallopeptidase 2 activity in tendon regions: effect of mechanical loading exercise associated to anabolic-androgenic steroids. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 104: 1087-1093
  • 28 McClung JM, Mehl KA, Thompson RW, Lowe LL, Carson JA. Nandrolone decanoate modulates cell cycle regulation in functionally overloaded rat soleus muscle. Am J Physiol 2005; 288: R1543-R1552
  • 29 Miyabara EH, Aoki MS, Moriscot AS. Cyclosporin A preferentially attenuates skeletal slow-twitch muscle regeneration. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38: 559-563
  • 30 Miyabara EH, Aoki MS, Soares AG, Moriscot AS. Expression of tropism-related genes in regenerating skeletal muscle of rats treated with cyclosporin-A. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 319: 479-489
  • 31 Shi X, Garry DJ. Muscle stem cells in development, regeneration, and disease. Genes Dev 2006; 20: 1692-1708
  • 32 Souza RWA, Gonçalves W, Cavalcante WLG, Pai-Silva MD, Gallacci M. Nandrolona stimulates Myod expression during muscle regeneration in the condition of myonecrosis induced by bothrops jararacussu venon poisoning. J Toxicol Environ Health 2010; 73: 934-943
  • 33 Tajbakhsh S. Skeletal muscle stem cells in developmental versus regenerative myogenesis. J Intern Med 2009; 266: 372-389
  • 34 Tannu NS, Rao VK, Chaudhary RM, Giorgianni F, Saeed AE, Gao Y, Raghow R. Comparative proteomes of the proliferating c2c12 myoblasts and fully differentiated myotubes reveal the complexity of the skeletal muscle differentiation program. Mol Cell Proteomics 2004; 3: 1065-1082
  • 35 Walker RA. Quantification of immunohistochemistry – issue concerning methods, utility and semiquantitative assessment I. Histopathology 2006; 49: 406-410
  • 36 White JP, Baltgalvis KA, Sato S, Wilson LB, Carson JA. Effect of nandrolone decanoate administration on recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury. J Appl Physiol 2009; 107: 1420-1430
  • 37 Zammit PS, Golding JP, Nagata Y, Hudon V, Partridge TA, Beauchamp JR. Muscle satellite cells adopt divergent fates: a mechanism for self-renewal?. J Cell Biol 2004; 166: 347-357
  • 38 Zammit PS. All muscle satellite cells are equal, but are some more equal than others?. J Cell Sci 2008; 121: 2975-2982