Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Biomedicine: Applications and Developments in Diagnostics and Therapy

Abstract

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) can be used to image physiological processes and anatomical, cellular and molecular changes in diseases. The clinical applications range from the imaging of tumors and metastases in the liver, spleen and bone marrow, the imaging of lymph nodes and the CNS, MRA and perfusion imaging to atherosclerotic plaque and thrombosis imaging. New experimental approaches in molecular imaging describe undirected SPIO trapping (passive targeting) in inflammation, tumors and associated macrophages as well as the directed accumulation of SPIO ligands (active targeting) in tumor endothelia and tumor cells, areas of apoptosis, infarction, inflammation and degeneration in cardiovascular and neurological diseases, in atherosclerotic plaques or thrombi. The labeling of stem or immune cells allows the visualization of cell therapies or transplant rejections. The coupling of SPIO to ligands, radio- and/or chemotherapeutics, embedding in carrier systems or activatable smart sensor probes and their externally controlled focusing (physical targeting) enable molecular tumor therapies or the imaging of metabolic and enzymatic processes. Monodisperse SPIO with defined physicochemical and pharmacodynamic properties may improve SPIO-based MRI in the future and as targeted probes in diagnostic magnetic resonance (DMR) using chip-based µNMR may significantly expand the spectrum of in vitro analysis methods for biomarker, pathogens and tumor cells. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) as a new imaging modality offers new applications for SPIO in cardiovascular, oncological, cellular and molecular diagnostics and therapy.

Key Points:

• SPIO can be used for diagnosis, MR imaging, and treatment.

• Monodisperse SPIO improve physicochemistry and pharmacodynamics.

• SPIO in targeted probes can be used in in-vitro diagnostic imaging (µNMR).

• The potential to use SPIO in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) must be evaluated.

Citation Format:

• Ittrich H, Peldschus K, Raabe N et al. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Biomedicine: Applications and Developments in Diagnostics and Therapy. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2013; 185: 1149 – 1166

Zusammenfassung

Mithilfe von Superparamagnetischen Eisenoxid-Nanopartikeln (SPIO) können physiologische Abläufe sowie anatomische, zelluläre und molekulare Veränderungen in Krankheitsprozessen abgebildet werden. Die klinischen Anwendungen reichen von der Tumor- und Metastasenbildgebung in Leber, Milz und Knochenmark, über die Lymphknoten- und ZNS-Bildgebung, die MR-Angiografie und Perfusionsdiagnostik bis hin zur atherosklerotischen Plaque- und Thrombosebildgebung. Die experimentellen Anwendungsfelder in der Molekularen Bildgebung umfassen neben ungerichteter SPIO-Anreicherung (Passive Targeting) in Entzündungsregionen und Tumoren sowie assoziierten Makrophagen die zielgerichtete Akkumulation von SPIO-Liganden (Active Targeting) an/in Tumorendothelien und Tumorzellen, Apoptose-, Infarkt-, Inflammations- und Degenerationsarealen in kardiovaskulären und neurologischen Erkrankungen, in atherosklerotischen Plaques oder Thromben. Die SPIO-Markierung von Stamm- oder Immunzellen erlaubt die Visualisierung von Zelltherapien oder Transplantat-Abstoßungen. Die Kopplung von SPIO an Liganden, Radio- und/oder Chemotherapeutika, die Einbettung in Trägersysteme oder aktivierbare Sonden sowie deren extern gesteuerter Fokussierung (Physical Targeting) ermöglicht molekulare Tumortherapien sowie die Abbildung metabolischer und enzymatischer Prozesse. Monodisperse SPIO mit definierten physikochemischen und pharmakodynamischen Eigenschaften könnten die SPIO-unterstützte MRT verbessern und zukünftig als zielgerichtete Sonden in der Diagnostischen Magnetresonanz (DMR) unter Nutzung von chipbasierten µNMR das Spektrum der In-vitro-Analysemethoden für Biomarker, Pathogene und Tumorzellen entscheidend erweitern. Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) als neues Abbildungsverfahren könnte SPIO sowohl in der kardiovaskulären, onkologischen, zellulären und molekularen Diagnostik und Therapie neue Anwendungsfelder eröffnen.

Key words

SPIO - molecular imaging - MRI - contrast media - iron oxide - nanoparticles

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