Ernährung & Medizin 2015; 30(02): 55-60
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1550120
wissen
Haug Verlag in MVS Medizinverlage Stuttgart GmbH & Co. KG Stuttgart

Vegetarische und vegane Ernährung – Chancen und Risiken

Teil 1: Nährstoffzufuhr
Markus Keller
Institut für alternative und nachhaltige Ernährung (IFANE)
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
02 July 2015 (online)

Zusammenfassung

Vegetarische und vegane Ernährungsformen werden zunehmend beliebter. Im ersten Teil des Beitrags wird die Nährstoffzufuhr von Vegetariern und Veganern dargestellt. Sowohl bei der Zufuhr der Makronährstoffe, vieler Vitamine und Mineralstoffe sowie von Ballaststoffen und sekundären Pflanzenstoffen schneiden Vegetarier und Veganer vielfach günstiger ab als Nichtvegetarier. Gleichzeitig muss auf eine ausreichende Zufuhr potenziell kritischer Nährstoffe geachtet werden.

 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Vegetarierbund (VEBU) Deutschland e.V.. Anzahl der Vegetarier in Deutschland.. 18.05.2015 https://vebu.de/themen/lifestyle/anzahl-der-vegetarierinnen
  • 2 Leitzmann C, Keller M. Vegetarische Ernährung. 3. . Aufl. Stuttgart: Ulmer; 2013
  • 3 Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann JI, Key TJ. The Oxford Vegetarian Study: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70 (3 Suppl.): 525 S-531 S
  • 4 Davey GK, Spencer EA, Appleby PN et al. EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public Health Nutr 2003; 6: 259-269
  • 5 Cade JE, Burley VJ, Greenwood DC. The UK Women’s Cohort Study: comparison of vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7: 871-878
  • 6 Deriemaeker P, Alewaeters K, Hebbelinck M et al. Nutritional status of Flemish vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians: a matched samples study. Nutrients 2010; 2: 770-780
  • 7 Wilson AK, Ball MJ. Nutrient intake and iron status of Australian male vegetarians. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53: 189-194
  • 8 Ball MJ, Bartlett MA. Dietary intake and iron status of Australian vegetarian women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 353-358
  • 9 Waldmann A, Koschizke JW, Leitzmann C, Hahn A. Dietary iron intake and iron status of German female vegans: results of the German vegan study. Ann Nutr Metab 2004; 48: 103-108
  • 10 Nathan I, Hackett AF, Kirby S. The dietary intake of a group of vegetarian children aged 7–11 years compared with matched omnivores. Br J Nutr 1996; 75: 533-544
  • 11 Haddad EH, Sabate J, Whitten CG. Vegetarian food guide pyramid: a conceptual framework. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70 (3 Suppl.): 615 S-619 S
  • 12 Harvey LJ, Armah CN, Dainty JR et al. Impact of menstrual blood loss and diet on iron deficiency among women in the UK. Br J Nutr 2005; 94: 557-564
  • 13 Bao W, Rong Y, Rong S, Liu L Dietary iron intake, iron stores body. and the risk of type 2 diabetes. a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2012; 10: 119
  • 14 Orban E, Schwab S, Thorand B, Huth C. Association of iron indices and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30: 372-394
  • 15 Fonseca-Nunes A, Jakszyn P, Agudo A. Iron and cancer risk – a systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23: 12-31
  • 16 Max Rubner-Institut , Hrsg. Nationale Verzehrsstudie II. Ergebnisbericht, Teil 2. Karlsruhe: 2008 https://vebu.de/themen/lifestyle/anzahl-der-vegetarierinnen
  • 17 Donovan UM, Gibson RS. Iron and zinc status of young women aged 14 to 19 years consuming vegetarian and omnivorous diets. J Am Coll Nutr 1995; 14: 463-472
  • 18 Ball MJ, Ackland ML. Zinc intake and status in Australian vegetarians. Br J Nutr 2000; 83: 27-33
  • 19 Davis BC, Kris-Etherton PM. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78 (3 Suppl.): 640 S-646 S
  • 20 Kornsteiner M, Singer I, Elmadfa I. Very low n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status in Austrian vegetarians and vegans. Ann Nutr Metab 2008; 52: 37-47
  • 21 Sanders TA. DHA status of vegetarians. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 81: 137-141
  • 22 Welch AA, Shakya-Shrestha S, Lentjes MA et al. Dietary intake and status of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a population of fish-eating and non-fish-eating meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans and the product-precursor ratio corrected of alpha-linolenic acid to long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 1040-1051
  • 23 Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Travis RC, Key TJ. Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: results from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97: 597-603
  • 24 Fraser GE. Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70 (3 Suppl.): 532 S-538 S
  • 25 Huang T, Yang B, Zheng J et al. Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Nutr Metab 2012; 60: 233-240
  • 26 Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M et al. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70 (3 Suppl.): 516 S-524 S
  • 27 Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Blazicek P, Kopcova J et al. Homocysteine levels in vegetarians versus omnivores. Ann Nutr Metab 2000; 44: 135-138
  • 28 Majchrzak D, Singer I, Männer M et al. B-vitamin status and concentrations of homocysteine in Austrian omnivores, vegetarians and vegans. Ann Nutr Metab 2006; 50: 485-491
  • 29 Elmadfa I, Singer I. Vitamin B-12 and homocysteine status among vegetarians: a global perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1693 S-1698 S
  • 30 Herrmann W, Schorr H, Obeid R, Geisel J. Vitamin B-12 status, particularly holotranscobalamin II and methylmalonic acid concentrations, and hyperhomocysteinemia in vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 131-136
  • 31 Gilsing AM, Crowe FL, Lloyd-Wright Z et al. Serum concentrations of vitamin B and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64: 933-939
  • 32 Keller M. Ernährung – akt. wissenschaftl. Bewertung. In: Peinelt V, Wetterau J, Hrsg. Handbuch der Gemeinschaftsgastronomie. Gesamtausgabe. Anforderungen, Umsetzungsprobleme, Lösungskonzepte. Berlin: Rhombos-Verlag; 2015: 683ff
  • 33 Tucker KL, Rich S, Rosenberg I et al. Plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations relate to intake source in the Framingham Offspring study. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 514-522
  • 34 Elmadfa I et al. Österreichischer Ernährungsbericht 2012. Wien 2012
  • 35 Keller M, Redemann B, Schumann L et al. Vitamin B12 status of German vegans and vegetarians [Poster]. 6th International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition. Loma Linda University; 24.02.2013
  • 36 Waldmann A, Koschizke JW, Leitzmann C, Hahn A. Homocysteine and cobalamin status in German vegans. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7: 467-472
  • 37 Loikas S, Koskinen P, Irjala K et al. Vitamin B deficiency in the aged: a population-based study. Age Ageing 2007; 36: 177-183
  • 38 Appleby P, Roddam A, Allen N, Key T. Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61: 1400-1406
  • 39 Barr SI, Broughton TM. Relative weight, weight loss efforts and nutrient intakes among health-conscious vegetarian, past vegetarian and nonvegetarian women ages 18 to 50. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19: 781-788
  • 40 Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR). Fragen und Antworten zur Jodversorgung und zur Jodmangelvorsorge. FAQ vom 7. Februar 2012 30.05.2015 www.bfr.bund.de/de/fragen_und_antworten_zur_jodversorgung_und_zur_jodmangelvorsorge-128626.html
  • 41 Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Buckova K, Klimes I, Sebokova E. Iodine deficiency in vegetarians and vegans. Ann Nutr Metab 2003; 47: 183-185
  • 42 Lightowler HJ, Davies GJ. Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion. Br J Nutr 1998; 80: 529-535
  • 43 Crowe FL, Steur M, Allen NE et al. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: results from the EPIC-Oxford study. Public Health Nutr 2011; 14: 340-346
  • 44 Chan J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of vegetarians, partial vegetarians, and nonvegetarians: the Adventist Health Study-2. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1686 S-1692 S
  • 45 Waldmann A, Koschizke JW, Leitzmann C, Hahn A. Dietary intakes and blood concentrations of antioxidant vitamins in German vegans. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2005; 75: 28-36
  • 46 Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Babinska K, Valachovicova M et al. Vitamin C protective plasma value. Bratisl Lek Listy 2007; 108: 265-268