Download PDF
Semin Neurol 2015; 35(04): 431-447
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1558978
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Neuropathies in Systemic Disease

Michael P. Bowley
1   Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Allan H. Ropper
2   Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
06 October 2015 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Most peripheral neuropathies result from systemic disease. In this review, the authors highlight the main clinical features, electrographic abnormalities, histopathological aspects and treatment, as well as the current, but still incomplete understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved. The peripheral neuropathic manifestations of renal failure, gastrointestinal illness, bariatric surgery, thyroid dysfunction, connective tissue disease, certain viral and bacterial infections, and critical illness are emphasized.

Keywords

peripheral neuropathy - mononeuritis multiplex - inflammatory bowel disease - connective tissue disease - critical illness polyneuropathy
 

  • References

  • 1 Ackil AA, Shahani BT, Young RR, Rubin NE. Late response and sural conduction studies. Usefulness in patients with chronic renal failure. Arch Neurol 1981; 38 (8) 482-485
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Van den Neucker K, Vanderstraeten G, Vanholder R. Peripheral motor and sensory nerve conduction studies in haemodialysis patients. A study of 54 patients. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998; 38 (8) 467-474
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Laaksonen S, Metsärinne K, Voipio-Pulkki LM, Falck B. Neurophysiologic parameters and symptoms in chronic renal failure. Muscle Nerve 2002; 25 (6) 884-890
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Amato AA, Dumitru D. Acquired neuropathies. In: Dumitru D, Zwarts MJ, Amato AA, (Eds.). Electrodiagnostic Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley & Belfus; 2002: 937-1041
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Bolton CF, Young GB. Neurological Complications of Renal Disease. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1990
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Vita G, Bellinghieri G, Trusso A , et al. Uremic autonomic neuropathy studied by spectral analysis of heart rate. Kidney Int 1999; 56 (1) 232-237
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Krishnan AV, Phoon RKS, Pussell BA, Charlesworth JA, Bostock H, Kiernan MC. Altered motor nerve excitability in end-stage kidney disease. Brain 2005; 128 (Pt 9): 2164-2174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Ogura T, Makinodan A, Kubo T, Hayashida T, Hirasawa Y. Electrophysiological course of uraemic neuropathy in haemodialysis patients. Postgrad Med J 2001; 77 (909) 451-454
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Asbury AK, Victor M, Adams RD. Uremic polyneuropathy. Arch Neurol 1963; 8: 413-428
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Thomas PK, Hollinrake K, Lascelles RG , et al. The polyneuropathy of chronic renal failure. Brain 1971; 94 (4) 761-780
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Said G, Boudier L, Selva J, Zingraff J, Drueke T. Different patterns of uremic polyneuropathy: clinicopathologic study. Neurology 1983; 33 (5) 567-574
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Laaksonen S, Voipio-Pulkki L, Erkinjuntti M, Asola M, Falck B. Does dialysis therapy improve autonomic and peripheral nervous system abnormalities in chronic uraemia?. J Intern Med 2000; 248 (1) 21-26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Hegstrom RM, Murray JS, Pendras JP, Burnell JM, Scribner BH. Two year's experience with periodic hemodialysis in the treatment of chronic uremia. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1962; 8: 266-280
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Babb AL, Ahmad S, Bergström J, Scribner BH. The middle molecule hypothesis in perspective. Am J Kidney Dis 1981; 1 (1) 46-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Kiernan MC, Walters RJL, Andersen KV, Taube D, Murray NMF, Bostock H. Nerve excitability changes in chronic renal failure indicate membrane depolarization due to hyperkalaemia. Brain 2002; 125 (Pt 6): 1366-1378
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Bostock H, Walters RJL, Andersen KV, Murray NMF, Taube D, Kiernan MC. Has potassium been prematurely discarded as a contributing factor to the development of uraemic neuropathy?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19 (5) 1054-1057
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Nielsen VK. The peripheral nerve function in chronic renal failure. 8. Recovery after renal transplantation. Clinical aspects. Acta Med Scand 1974; 195 (3) 163-170
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Hupperts RM, Leunissen KM, van Hooff JP, Lodder J. Recovery of uremic neuropathy after renal transplantation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1990; 92 (1) 87-89
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Ropper AH. Accelerated neuropathy of renal failure. Arch Neurol 1993; 50 (5) 536-539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Bolton CF, McKeown MJ, Chen R, Toth B, Remtulla H. Subacute uremic and diabetic polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20 (1) 59-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Ahonen RE. Peripheral neuropathy in uremic patients and in renal transplant recipients. Acta Neuropathol 1981; 54 (1) 43-53
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Krishnan AV, Kiernan MC. Uremic neuropathy: clinical features and new pathophysiological insights. Muscle Nerve 2007; 35 (3) 273-290
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Gousheh J, Iranpour A. Association between carpel tunnel syndrome and arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 116 (2) 508-513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Gejyo F, Narita I. Current clinical and pathogenetic understanding of beta2-m amyloidosis in long-term haemodialysis patients. Nephrology (Carlton) 2003; 8 (Suppl): S45-S49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Cofan F, Garcia S, Combalia A, Segur J-M, Oppenheimer F. Carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to uraemic tumoral calcinosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41 (6) 701-703
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Nardin R, Chapman KM, Raynor EM. Prevalence of ulnar neuropathy in patients receiving hemodialysis. Arch Neurol 2005; 62 (2) 271-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 García S, Cofán F, Combalia A, Campistol JM, Oppenheimer F, Ramón R. Compression of the ulnar nerve in Guyon's canal by uremic tumoral calcinosis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2000; 120 (3–4) 228-230
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Sharma KR, Cross J, Santiago F, Ayyar DR, Burke III G. Incidence of acute femoral neuropathy following renal transplantation. Arch Neurol 2002; 59 (4) 541-545
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Li Q-S, Huo W-Q, Nie Z-L, Wang H-F, Liang P-H, Jin FS. Acute femoral neuropathy following renal transplantation: a retrospective, multicenter study in China. Transplant Proc 2010; 42 (5) 1699-1703
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Greenstein AJ, Janowitz HD, Sachar DB. The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976; 55 (5) 401-412
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Ephgrave K. Extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease. Surg Clin North Am 2007; 87 (3) 673-680
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Lossos A, River Y, Eliakim A, Steiner I. Neurologic aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. Neurology 1995; 45 (3 Pt 1): 416-421
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Elsehety A, Bertorini TE. Neurologic and neuropsychiatric complications of Crohn's disease. South Med J 1997; 90 (6) 606-610
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Oliveira GR, Teles BCV, Brasil EF , et al. Peripheral neuropathy and neurological disorders in an unselected Brazilian population-based cohort of IBD patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14 (3) 389-395
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Gondim FAA, Brannagan III TH, Sander HW, Chin RL, Latov N. Peripheral neuropathy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Brain 2005; 128 (Pt 4): 867-879
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Benavente L, Morís G. Neurologic disorders associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18 (1) 138-143
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Moormann B, Herath H, Mann O, Ferbert A. [Involvement of the peripheral nervous system in Crohn disease]. Nervenarzt 1999; 70 (12) 1107-1111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Yanagida H, Sugimoto K, Izu A, Wada N, Sakata N, Takemura T. Guillain-Barré syndrome and Crohn disease: a case report. J Child Neurol 2014; 29 (9) NP78-NP80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Kararizou E, Davaki P, Speggos K, Stamboulis E. Rare association of polyneuropathy and Crohn's disease: a clinicopathological study of 4 cases. Pol J Pathol 2012; 63 (4) 261-266
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Price TR. Sensorimotor neuropathy with sulphasalazine. Postgrad Med J 1985; 61 (712) 147-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Liedorp M, Voskuyl AE, Van Oosten BW. Axonal neuropathy with prolonged sulphasalazine use. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008; 26 (4) 671-672
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Woodward DK. Peripheral neuropathy and mesalazine. BMJ 1989; 299 (6709) 1224
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Coxon A, Pallis CA. Metronidazole neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976; 39 (4) 403-405
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Bradley WG, Karlsson IJ, Rassol CG. Metronidazole neuropathy. BMJ 1977; 2 (6087) 610-611
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Sevy A, Moyse E, Million M, Battaglia F. Central and peripheral neurotoxicity of metronidazole after treatment for brain abscess. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153 (12) 2491-2492
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Seok JI, Yi H, Song YM, Lee WY. Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy and inferior olivary hypertrophy: lesion analysis with diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient maps. Arch Neurol 2003; 60 (12) 1796-1800
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Tan C-H, Chen Y-F, Chen C-C, Chao C-C, Liou H-H, Hsieh S-T. Painful neuropathy due to skin denervation after metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011; 82 (4) 462-465
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Rao DN, Mason RP. Generation of nitro radical anions of some 5-nitrofurans, 2- and 5-nitroimidazoles by norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. A possible mechanism for neurotoxicity caused by nitroheterocyclic drugs. J Biol Chem 1987; 262 (24) 11731-11736
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Nielsen OH, Ainsworth MA. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (8) 754-762
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Shin I-SJ, Baer AN, Kwon HJ, Papadopoulos EJ, Siegel JN. Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes occurring with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist therapy. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54 (5) 1429-1434
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Richez C, Blanco P, Lagueny A, Schaeverbeke T, Dehais J. Neuropathy resembling CIDP in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers. Neurology 2005; 64 (8) 1468-1470
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Lozeron P, Denier C, Lacroix C, Adams D. Long-term course of demyelinating neuropathies occurring during tumor necrosis factor-alpha-blocker therapy. Arch Neurol 2009; 66 (4) 490-497
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Burger DC, Florin THJ. Peripheral neuropathy with infliximab therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15 (12) 1772
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Richette P, Dieudé P, Damiano J, Lioté F, Orcel P, Bardin T. Sensory neuropathy revealing necrotizing vasculitis during infliximab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004; 31 (10) 2079-2081
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Saint Marcoux B, De Bandt M ; CRI (Club Rhumatismes et Inflammation). Vasculitides induced by TNFalpha antagonists: a study in 39 patients in France. Joint Bone Spine 2006; 73 (6) 710-713
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Sokumbi O, Wetter DA, Makol A, Warrington KJ. Vasculitis associated with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87 (8) 739-745
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Hansen RA, Gartlehner G, Powell GE, Sandler RS. Serious adverse events with infliximab: analysis of spontaneously reported adverse events. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5 (6) 729-735
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Stübgen J-P. Tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists and neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2008; 37 (3) 281-292
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Abarbanel JM, Berginer VM, Osimani A, Solomon H, Charuzi I. Neurologic complications after gastric restriction surgery for morbid obesity. Neurology 1987; 37 (2) 196-200
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Thaisetthawatkul P, Collazo-Clavell ML, Sarr MG, Norell JE, Dyck PJB. A controlled study of peripheral neuropathy after bariatric surgery. Neurology 2004; 63 (8) 1462-1470
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Thaisetthawatkul P, Collazo-Clavell ML, Sarr MG, Norell JE, Dyck PJB. Good nutritional control may prevent polyneuropathy after bariatric surgery. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42 (5) 709-714
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Juhasz-Pocsine K, Rudnicki SA, Archer RL, Harik SI. Neurologic complications of gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Neurology 2007; 68 (21) 1843-1850
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Kattalai Kailasam V, DeCastro C, Macaluso C, Kleiman A. Postbariatric surgery neuropathic pain (PBSNP): case report, literature review, and treatment options. Pain Med 2015; 16 (2) 374-382
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Hamad GG, Helsel JC, Perel JM , et al. The effect of gastric bypass on the pharmacokinetics of serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169 (3) 256-263
    Google Scholar
  • 65 Luostarinen L, Himanen S-L, Luostarinen M, Collin P, Pirttilä T. Neuromuscular and sensory disturbances in patients with well treated coeliac disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74 (4) 490-494
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Chin RL, Sander HW, Brannagan TH , et al. Celiac neuropathy. Neurology 2003; 60 (10) 1581-1585
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Brannagan III TH, Hays AP, Chin SS , et al. Small-fiber neuropathy/neuronopathy associated with celiac disease: skin biopsy findings. Arch Neurol 2005; 62 (10) 1574-1578
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Hadjivassiliou M, Grünewald RA, Kandler RH , et al. Neuropathy associated with gluten sensitivity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77 (11) 1262-1266
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Hadjivassiliou M, Rao DG, Wharton SB, Sanders DS, Grünewald RA, Davies-Jones AGB. Sensory ganglionopathy due to gluten sensitivity. Neurology 2010; 75 (11) 1003-1008
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 McKeon A, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ, Kryzer TJ, Murray J. The neurologic significance of celiac disease biomarkers. Neurology 2014; 83 (20) 1789-1796
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Souayah N, Chin RL, Brannagan TH , et al. Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin on cerebellar ataxia and neuropathic pain associated with celiac disease. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15 (12) 1300-1303
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Dyck PJ, Lambert EH. Polyneuropathy associated with hypothyroidism. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1970; 29 (4) 631-658
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Cruz MW, Tendrich M, Vaisman M, Novis SA. Electroneuromyography and neuromuscular findings in 16 primary hypothyroidism patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1996; 54 (1) 12-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Murray IP, Simpson JA. [Acroparaesthesia in myxoedema; a clinical and electromyographic study]. Lancet 1958; 1 (7035) 1360-1363
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Lin KP, Kwan SY, Chen SY , et al. Generalized neuropathy in Taiwan: an etiologic survey. Neuroepidemiology 1993; 12 (5) 257-261
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Rudolph T, Farbu E. Hospital-referred polyneuropathies—causes, prevalences, clinical- and neurophysiological findings. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14 (6) 603-608
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 England JD, Gronseth GS, Franklin G , et al; American Academy of Neurology. Practice Parameter: evaluation of distal symmetric polyneuropathy: role of laboratory and genetic testing (an evidence-based review). Report of the American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Neurology 2009; 72 (2) 185-192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Gallagher G, Rabquer A, Kerber K, Calabek B, Callaghan B. Value of thyroid and rheumatologic studies in the evaluation of peripheral neuropathy. Neurol Clin Pract 2013; 3 (2) 90-98
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Dick DJ, Lane RJ, Nogues MA, Fawcett PR. Polyneuropathy in occult hypothyroidism. Postgrad Med J 1983; 59 (694) 518-519
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Beghi E, Delodovici ML, Bogliun G , et al. Hypothyroidism and polyneuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52 (12) 1420-1423
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Meier C, Bischoff A. Polyneuropathy in hypothyroidism. Clinical and nerve biopsy study of 4 cases. J Neurol 1977; 215 (2) 103-114
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Nebuchennykh M, Løseth S, Mellgren SI. Aspects of peripheral nerve involvement in patients with treated hypothyroidism. Eur J Neurol 2010; 17 (1) 67-72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Nemni R, Bottacchi E, Fazio R , et al. Polyneuropathy in hypothyroidism: clinical, electrophysiological and morphological findings in four cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50 (11) 1454-1460
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Shirabe T, Tawara S, Terao A, Araki S. Myxoedematous polyneuropathy: a light and electron microscopic study of the peripheral nerve and muscle. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975; 38 (3) 241-247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Good AE, Christopher RP, Koepke GH, Bender LF, Tarter ME. Peripheral neuropathy associated with rheumatoid arthritis. A clinical and electrodiagnostic study of 70 consecutive rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann Intern Med 1965; 63: 87-99
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Lanzillo B, Pappone N, Crisci C, di Girolamo C, Massini R, Caruso G. Subclinical peripheral nerve involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41 (7) 1196-1202
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Chamberlain MA, Bruckner FE. Rheumatoid neuropathy. Clinical and electrophysiological features. Ann Rheum Dis 1970; 29 (6) 609-616
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Makol A, Crowson CS, Wetter DA, Sokumbi O, Matteson EL, Warrington KJ. Vasculitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53 (5) 890-899
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Sim MK, Kim D-Y, Yoon J, Park DH, Kim Y-G. Assessment of peripheral neuropathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who complain of neurologic symptoms. Ann Rehabil Med 2014; 38 (2) 249-255
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Albani G, Ravaglia S, Cavagna L, Caporali R, Montecucco C, Mauro A. Clinical and electrophysiological evaluation of peripheral neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2006; 11 (2) 174-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Agarwal V, Singh R , Wiclaf, et al. A clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological study of neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2008; 27 (7) 841-844
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Biswas M, Chatterjee A, Ghosh SK, Dasgupta S, Ghosh K, Ganguly PK. Prevalence, types, clinical associations, and determinants of peripheral neuropathy in rheumatoid patients. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2011; 14 (3) 194-197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Salih AM, Nixon NB, Gagan RM , et al. Anti-ganglioside antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis complicated by peripheral neuropathy. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35 (8) 725-731
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Weller RO, Bruckner FE, Chamberlain MA. Rheumatoid neuropathy: a histological and electrophysiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970; 33 (5) 592-604
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Scott DG, Bacon PA, Elliott PJ, Tribe CR, Wallington TB. Systemic vasculitis in a district general hospital 1972-1980: clinical and laboratory features, classification and prognosis of 80 cases. Q J Med 1982; 51 (203) 292-311
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Conn DL, McDuffie FC, Dyck PJ. Immunopathologic study of sural nerves in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1972; 15 (2) 135-143
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Martin K, Bentaberry F, Dumoulin C , et al. Neuropathy associated with leflunomide: a case series. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64 (4) 649-650
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Metzler C, Arlt AC, Gross WL, Brandt J. Peripheral neuropathy in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases treated with leflunomide. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64 (12) 1798-1800
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Kho LK, Kermode AG. Leflunomide-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Clin Neurosci 2007; 14 (2) 179-181
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Unterman A, Nolte JES, Boaz M, Abady M, Shoenfeld Y, Zandman-Goddard G. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2011; 41 (1) 1-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Jasmin R, Sockalingam S, Ramanaidu LP, Goh KJ. Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of symmetric polyneuropathy in a cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus 2015; 24 (3) 248-255
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Oomatia A, Fang H, Petri M, Birnbaum J. Peripheral neuropathies in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical features, disease associations, and immunologic characteristics evaluated over a twenty-five-year study period. Arthritis Rheum (Munch) 2014; 66 (4) 1000-1009
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Xianbin W, Mingyu W, Dong X , et al. Peripheral neuropathies due to systemic lupus erythematosus in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94 (11) e625
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Brey RL, Holliday SL, Saklad AR , et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in lupus: prevalence using standardized definitions. Neurology 2002; 58 (8) 1214-1220
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Mok CC, To CH, Mak A. Neuropsychiatric damage in Southern Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 2006; 85 (4) 221-228
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Savettieri G, Rocca WA, Salemi G , et al; Sicilian Neuro-Epidemiologic Study (SNES) Group. Prevalence of diabetic neuropathy with somatic symptoms: a door-to-door survey in two Sicilian municipalities. Neurology 1993; 43 (6) 1115-1120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Bharucha NE, Bharucha AE, Bharucha EP. Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in the Parsi community of Bombay. Neurology 1991; 41 (8) 1315-1317
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Italian General Practitioner Study Group (IGPSG). Chronic symmetric symptomatic polyneuropathy in the elderly: a field screening investigation in two Italian regions. I. Prevalence and general characteristics of the sample. Neurology 1995; 45 (10) 1832-1836
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Florica B, Aghdassi E, Su J, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Fortin PR. Peripheral neuropathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2011; 41 (2) 203-211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Drenkard C, Villa AR, Reyes E, Abello M, Alarcón-Segovia D. Vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1997; 6 (3) 235-242
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Enevoldson TP, Wiles CM. Severe vasculitic neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus and response to cyclophosphamide. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54 (5) 468-469
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Martinez-Taboada VM, Alonso RB, Armona J, Fernandez-Sueiro JL, Gonzalez Vela C, Rodriguez-Valverde V. Mononeuritis multiplex in systemic lupus erythematosus: response to pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide. Lupus 1996; 5 (1) 74-76
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Muangchan C, van Vollenhoven RF, Bernatsky SR , et al. Treatment algorithms in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res 2015; . Epub ahead of print
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Siltzbach LE, James DG, Neville E , et al. Course and prognosis of sarcoidosis around the world. Am J Med 1974; 57 (6) 847-852
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Delaney P. Neurologic manifestations in sarcoidosis: review of the literature, with a report of 23 cases. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87 (3) 336-345
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Stern BJ, Krumholz A, Johns C, Scott P, Nissim J. Sarcoidosis and its neurological manifestations. Arch Neurol 1985; 42 (9) 909-917
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Wiederholt WC, Siekert RG. Neurological manifestations of sarcoidosis. Neurology 1965; 15 (12) 1147-1154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Stern BJ, Aksamit A, Clifford D, Scott TF ; Neurosarcoidosis Study Group. Neurologic presentations of sarcoidosis. Neurol Clin 2010; 28 (1) 185-198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Pawate S, Moses H, Sriram S. Presentations and outcomes of neurosarcoidosis: a study of 54 cases. QJM 2009; 102 (7) 449-460
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Burns TM, Dyck PJB, Aksamit AJ, Dyck PJ. The natural history and long-term outcome of 57 limb sarcoidosis neuropathy cases. J Neurol Sci 2006; 244 (1–2) 77-87
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Said G, Lacroix C, Planté-Bordeneuve V , et al. Nerve granulomas and vasculitis in sarcoid peripheral neuropathy: a clinicopathological study of 11 patients. Brain 2002; 125 (Pt 2): 264-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Saifee TA, Reilly MM, Ako E , et al. Sarcoidosis presenting as acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2011; 43 (2) 296-298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Fahoum F, Drory VE, Issakov J, Neufeld MY. Neurosarcoidosis presenting as Guillain-Barré-like syndrome. A case report and review of the literature. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2009; 11 (1) 35-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Hoitsma E, Marziniak M, Faber CG , et al. Small fibre neuropathy in sarcoidosis. Lancet 2002; 359 (9323) 2085-2086
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Parambil JG, Tavee JO, Zhou L, Pearson KS, Culver DA. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin for small fiber neuropathy associated with sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2011; 105 (1) 101-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Glaudemans AWJM, de Vries EFJ, Galli F, Dierckx RAJO, Slart RHJA, Signore A. The use of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of inflammatory and infectious diseases. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013 (6) 623036
    Google Scholar
  • 127 Studdy PR, Bird R. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme in sarcoidosis—its value in present clinical practice. Ann Clin Biochem 1989; 26 (Pt 1): 13-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Khoury J, Wellik KE, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM. Cerebrospinal fluid angiotensin-converting enzyme for diagnosis of central nervous system sarcoidosis. Neurologist 2009; 15 (2) 108-111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Lorentzen AO, Sveberg L, Midtvedt Ø, Kerty E, Heuser K. Overnight response to infliximab in neurosarcoidosis: a case report and review of infliximab treatment practice. Clin Neuropharmacol 2014; 37 (5) 142-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Hoitsma E, Faber CG, Drent M, Sharma OP. Neurosarcoidosis: a clinical dilemma. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3 (7) 397-407
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Tobón GJ, Pers J-O, Devauchelle-Pensec V, Youinou P. Neurological Disorders in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Autoimmune Dis 2012; 2012 (8) 645967
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Grant IA, Hunder GG, Homburger HA, Dyck PJ. Peripheral neuropathy associated with sicca complex. Neurology 1997; 48 (4) 855-862
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Birnbaum J. Peripheral nervous system manifestations of Sjögren syndrome: clinical patterns, diagnostic paradigms, etiopathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies. Neurologist 2010; 16 (5) 287-297
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Mori K, Iijima M, Koike H , et al. The wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in Sjögren's syndrome-associated neuropathy. Brain 2005; 128 (Pt 11): 2518-2534
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Delalande S, de Seze J, Fauchais A-L , et al. Neurologic manifestations in primary Sjögren syndrome: a study of 82 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2004; 83 (5) 280-291
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Chai J, Logigian EL. Neurological manifestations of primary Sjogren's syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol 2010; 23 (5) 509-513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Moll JW, Markusse HM, Pijnenburg JJ, Vecht CJ, Henzen-Logmans SC. Antineuronal antibodies in patients with neurologic complications of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Neurology 1993; 43 (12) 2574-2581
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Bhanji RA, Eystathioy T, Chan EKL, Bloch DB, Fritzler MJ. Clinical and serological features of patients with autoantibodies to GW/P bodies. Clin Immunol 2007; 125 (3) 247-256
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R , et al. Classification criteria for Sjögren's syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61 (6) 554-558
    Google Scholar
  • 140 Gorson KC, Ropper AH. Positive salivary gland biopsy, Sjögren syndrome, and neuropathy: clinical implications. Muscle Nerve 2003; 28 (5) 553-560
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Mekinian A, Ravaud P, Hatron P-Y , et al. Efficacy of rituximab in primary Sjogren's syndrome with peripheral nervous system involvement: results from the AIR registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71 (1) 84-87
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Rist S, Sellam J, Hachulla E , et al; Club Rhumatismes et Inflammation. Experience of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in neuropathy associated with primary Sjögren's syndrome: a national multicentric retrospective study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011; 63 (9) 1339-1344
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Nascimento OJM. Leprosy neuropathy: clinical presentations. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2013; 71 (9B): 661-666
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Jardim MR, Antunes SLG, Santos AR , et al. Criteria for diagnosis of pure neural leprosy. J Neurol 2003; 250 (7) 806-809
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Bang PD, Suzuki K, Phuong T, Chu TM, Ishii N, Khang TH. Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Mycobacterium leprae for the diagnosis of leprosy. J Dermatol 2009; 36 (5) 269-276
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Moura RS, Calado KL, Oliveira MLW, Bührer-Sékula S. Leprosy serology using PGL-I: a systematic review. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2008; 41 (Suppl. 02) 11-18
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 Amato A, Russell J. Neuromuscular Disorders. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2008: 289-301
    Google Scholar
  • 148 Kroger A, Pannikar V, Htoon MT , et al. International open trial of uniform multi-drug therapy regimen for 6 months for all types of leprosy patients: rationale, design and preliminary results. Trop Med Int Health 2008; 13 (5) 594-602
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Reik L, Steere AC, Bartenhagen NH, Shope RE, Malawista SE. Neurologic abnormalities of Lyme disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 1979; 58 (4) 281-294
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Bacon RM, Kugeler KJ, Mead PS ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Surveillance for Lyme disease—United States, 1992-2006. MMWR Surveill Summ 2008; 57 (10) 1-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 151 Pachner AR, Steere AC. The triad of neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease: meningitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuritis. Neurology 1985; 35 (1) 47-53
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Halperin JJ. Facial nerve palsy associated with lyme disease. Muscle Nerve 2003; 28 (4) 516-517
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 153 Sullivan FM, Swan IRC, Donnan PT , et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med 2007; 357 (16) 1598-1607
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 154 Halperin JJ, Shapiro ED, Logigian E , et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: treatment of nervous system Lyme disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2007; 69 (1) 91-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 155 Logigian EL, Steere AC. Clinical and electrophysiologic findings in chronic neuropathy of Lyme disease. Neurology 1992; 42 (2) 303-311
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 156 Kindstrand E, Nilsson BY, Hovmark A, Pirskanen R, Asbrink E. Peripheral neuropathy in acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans - a late Borrelia manifestation. Acta Neurol Scand 1997; 95 (6) 338-345
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 157 Kindstrand E, Nilsson BY, Hovmark A , et al. Polyneuropathy in late Lyme borreliosis - a clinical, neurophysiological and morphological description. Acta Neurol Scand 2000; 101 (1) 47-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 158 Halperin J, Luft BJ, Volkman DJ, Dattwyler RJ. Lyme neuroborreliosis. Peripheral nervous system manifestations. Brain 1990; 113 (Pt 4): 1207-1221
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 159 Hopf HC. Peripheral neuropathy in acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (Herxheimer). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975; 38 (5) 452-458
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 160 Mygland A, Skarpaas T, Ljøstad U. Chronic polyneuropathy and Lyme disease. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13 (11) 1213-1215
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 161 Skopelitis EE, Kokotis PI, Kontos AN , et al. Distal sensory polyneuropathy in HIV-positive patients in the HAART era: an entity underestimated by clinical examination. Int J STD AIDS 2006; 17 (7) 467-472
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 162 Hahn K, Robinson B, Anderson C , et al. Differential effects of HIV infected macrophages on dorsal root ganglia neurons and axons. Exp Neurol 2008; 210 (1) 30-40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 163 Melli G, Keswani SC, Fischer A, Chen W, Höke A. Spatially distinct and functionally independent mechanisms of axonal degeneration in a model of HIV-associated sensory neuropathy. Brain 2006; 129 (Pt 5): 1330-1338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 164 Said G. Infectious neuropathies. Neurol Clin 2007; 25 (1) 115-137
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 165 Brew BJ. The peripheral nerve complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Muscle Nerve 2003; 28 (5) 542-552
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 166 Cinque P, Vago L, Brytting M , et al. Cytomegalovirus infection of the central nervous system in patients with AIDS: diagnosis by DNA amplification from cerebrospinal fluid. J Infect Dis 1992; 166 (6) 1408-1411
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 167 Roullet E, Assuerus V, Gozlan J , et al. Cytomegalovirus multifocal neuropathy in AIDS: analysis of 15 consecutive cases. Neurology 1994; 44 (11) 2174-2182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 168 Cornblath DR, McArthur JC, Kennedy PG, Witte AS, Griffin JW. Inflammatory demyelinating peripheral neuropathies associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infection. Ann Neurol 1987; 21 (1) 32-40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 169 Zochodne DW, Bolton CF, Wells GA , et al. Critical illness polyneuropathy. A complication of sepsis and multiple organ failure. Brain 1987; 110 (Pt 4): 819-841
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 170 Witt NJ, Zochodne DW, Bolton CF , et al. Peripheral nerve function in sepsis and multiple organ failure. Chest 1991; 99 (1) 176-184
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 171 Tennilä A, Salmi T, Pettilä V, Roine RO, Varpula T, Takkunen O. Early signs of critical illness polyneuropathy in ICU patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26 (9) 1360-1363
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 172 Bednarík J, Vondracek P, Dusek L, Moravcova E, Cundrle I. Risk factors for critical illness polyneuromyopathy. J Neurol 2005; 252 (3) 343-351
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 173 Koch S, Spuler S, Deja M , et al. Critical illness myopathy is frequent: accompanying neuropathy protracts ICU discharge. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011; 82 (3) 287-293
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 174 Leatherman JW, Fluegel WL, David WS, Davies SF, Iber C. Muscle weakness in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153 (5) 1686-1690
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 175 MacFarlane IA, Rosenthal FD. Severe myopathy after status asthmaticus. Lancet 1977; 2 (8038) 615
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 176 De Jonghe B, Sharshar T, Lefaucheur J-P , et al; Groupe de Réflexion et d'Etude des Neuromyopathies en Réanimation. Paresis acquired in the intensive care unit: a prospective multicenter study. JAMA 2002; 288 (22) 2859-2867
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 177 Bolton CF. Sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: neuromuscular manifestations. Crit Care Med 1996; 24 (8) 1408-1416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 178 Rich MM, Pinter MJ. Crucial role of sodium channel fast inactivation in muscle fibre inexcitability in a rat model of critical illness myopathy. J Physiol 2003; 547 (Pt 2) 555-566
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 179 Novak KR, Nardelli P, Cope TC , et al. Inactivation of sodium channels underlies reversible neuropathy during critical illness in rats. J Clin Invest 2009; 119 (5) 1150-1158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 180 Rich MM, Teener JW, Raps EC, Schotland DL, Bird SJ. Muscle is electrically inexcitable in acute quadriplegic myopathy. Neurology 1996; 46 (3) 731-736
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 181 Brealey D, Brand M, Hargreaves I , et al. Association between mitochondrial dysfunction and severity and outcome of septic shock. Lancet 2002; 360 (9328) 219-223
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 182 Lacomis D. Neuromuscular disorders in critically ill patients: review and update. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2011; 12 (4) 197-218
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 183 Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS , et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373 (9678) 1874-1882
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 184 Van den Berghe G, Schoonheydt K, Becx P, Bruyninckx F, Wouters PJ. Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients. Neurology 2005; 64 (8) 1348-1353
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 185 Hermans G, Wilmer A, Meersseman W , et al. Impact of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications and ventilator dependency in the medical intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175 (5) 480-489
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 186 Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR , et al; NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (12) 1108-1118
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 187 Morris C, Trinder JT. Electrophysiology adds little to clinical signs in critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (11) 2612
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 188 Guarneri B, Bertolini G, Latronico N. Long-term outcome in patients with critical illness myopathy or neuropathy: the Italian multicentre CRIMYNE study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79 (7) 838-841
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar