Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000075.xml
Download PDF
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 38(02): 191-200
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1602244
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1602244
Review Article
Predictors of Maternal Mortality and Prognostic Models in Obstetric Patients
Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
22 May 2017 (online)
Abstract
The use of predictive models has been proposed as a potential tool to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality, by aiding in the timely identification of potential high-risk patients. Prognostic models in critical care have been used to characterize the severity of illness of specific diseases. Physiological changes in pregnancy may result in general critical illness prediction models overestimating mortality in obstetric patients. Models that specifically reflect the unique characteristics of obstetric patients may have better prognostic value. Recently developed tools have focused on identifying at-risk patients before they require intensive care unit (ICU) admission to target early interventions and prevent acute clinical decompensation. The aim of the newest scoring systems, specifically designed for groups of obstetric patients receiving non-ICU care, is to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality by identifying early high-risk patients and initiating prompt effective medical responses.
-
References
- 1 GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388 (10053): 1775-1812
- 2 Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A. , et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2014; 2 (06) e323-e333
- 3 Clark SL, Belfort MA, Dildy GA, Herbst MA, Meyers JA, Hankins GD. Maternal death in the 21st century: causes, prevention, and relationship to cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199 (01) 36.e1-36.e5 , discussion 91–92, e7–e11
- 4 Alkema L, Chou D, Hogan D. , et al; United Nations Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group collaborators and technical advisory group. Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group. Lancet 2016; 387 (10017): 462-474
- 5 MacDorman MF, Declercq E, Cabral H, Morton C. Recent increases in the U.S. maternal mortality rate: disentangling trends from measurement issues. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128 (03) 447-455
- 6 Callaghan WM, Creanga AA, Jamieson DJ. Pregnancy-related mortality resulting from influenza in the United States during the 2009-2010 pandemic. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126 (03) 486-490
- 7 Souza JP, Tunçalp Ö, Vogel JP. , et al. Obstetric transition: the pathway towards ending preventable maternal deaths. BJOG 2014; 121 (Suppl. 01) 1-4
- 8 Lyons G. Saving mothers' lives: confidential enquiry into maternal and child health 2003-5. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17 (02) 103-105
- 9 Edwards SE, Grobman WA, Lappen JR. , et al. Modified obstetric early warning scoring systems (MOEWS): validating the diagnostic performance for severe sepsis in women with chorioamnionitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212 (04) 536.e1-536.e8
- 10 Shields LE, Wiesner S, Klein C, Pelletreau B, Hedriana HL. Use of Maternal Early Warning Trigger tool reduces maternal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214 (04) 527.e1-527.e6
- 11 Hedriana HL, Wiesner S, Downs BG, Pelletreau B, Shields LE. Baseline assessment of a hospital-specific early warning trigger system for reducing maternal morbidity. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016; 132 (03) 337-341
- 12 Bick DE, Sandall J, Furuta M. , et al; Modified Obstetric Early Warning Systems (Mobs) Research Group. A national cross sectional survey of heads of midwifery services of uptake, benefits and barriers to use of obstetric early warning systems (EWS) by midwives. Midwifery 2014; 30 (11) 1140-1146
- 13 Austin DM, Sadler L, McLintock C. , et al. Early detection of severe maternal morbidity: a retrospective assessment of the role of an Early Warning Score System. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 54 (02) 152-155
- 14 Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G. , et al. Saving Mothers' Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006-2008. The Eighth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG 2011; 118 (Suppl. 01) 1-203
- 15 Pollock WE, Harley NS, Nelson SM. Maternal severity of illness across levels of care: a prospective, cross-sectional study. Aust Crit Care 2011; 24 (04) 218-228
- 16 Cheng C, Raman S. Intensive care use by critically ill obstetric patients: a five-year review. Int J Obstet Anesth 2003; 12 (02) 89-92
- 17 Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M, Intarut N. , et al; WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network. Indirect causes of severe adverse maternal outcomes: a secondary analysis of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. BJOG 2014; 121 (Suppl. 01) 32-39
- 18 Gilbert TT, Smulian JC, Martin AA, Ananth CV, Scorza W, Scardella AT. ; Critical Care Obstetric Team. Obstetric admissions to the intensive care unit: outcomes and severity of illness. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102 (5, Pt 1): 897-903
- 19 Hazelgrove JF, Price C, Pappachan VJ, Smith GB. Multicenter study of obstetric admissions to 14 intensive care units in southern England. Crit Care Med 2001; 29 (04) 770-775
- 20 Keizer JL, Zwart JJ, Meerman RH, Harinck BI, Feuth HD, van Roosmalen J. Obstetric intensive care admissions: a 12-year review in a tertiary care centre. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 128 (1-2): 152-156
- 21 Lapinsky SE, Kruczynski K, Seaward GR, Farine D, Grossman RF. Critical care management of the obstetric patient. Can J Anaesth 1997; 44 (03) 325-329
- 22 Panchal S, Arria AM, Harris AP. Intensive care utilization during hospital admission for delivery: prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes in a statewide population. Anesthesiology 2000; 92 (06) 1537-1544
- 23 Sriram S, Robertson MS. Critically ill obstetric patients in Australia: a retrospective audit of 8 years' experience in a tertiary intensive care unit. Crit Care Resusc 2008; 10 (02) 124
- 24 Zwart JJ, Dupuis JR, Richters A, Ory F, van Roosmalen J. Obstetric intensive care unit admission: a 2-year nationwide population-based cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36 (02) 256-263
- 25 Chantry AA, Deneux-Tharaux C, Bonnet MP, Bouvier-Colle MH. Pregnancy-related ICU admissions in France: trends in rate and severity, 2006-2009. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (01) 78-86
- 26 Demirkiran O, Dikmen Y, Utku T, Urkmez S. Critically ill obstetric patients in the intensive care unit. Int J Obstet Anesth 2003; 12 (04) 266-270
- 27 Karnad DR, Lapsia V, Krishnan A, Salvi VS. Prognostic factors in obstetric patients admitted to an Indian intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2004; 32 (06) 1294-1299
- 28 Oliveira Neto AF, Parpinelli MA, Cecatti JG, Souza JP, Sousa MH. Factors associated with maternal death in women admitted to an intensive care unit with severe maternal morbidity. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105 (03) 252-256
- 29 Vasquez DN, Estenssoro E, Canales HS. , et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of obstetric patients requiring ICU admission. Chest 2007; 131 (03) 718-724
- 30 Bhadade R, De' Souza R, More A, Harde M. Maternal outcomes in critically ill obstetrics patients: a unique challenge. Indian J Crit Care Med 2012; 16 (01) 8-16
- 31 Hasbún H J, Sepúlveda-Martínez A, Cornejo R R, Romero P C. [Intensive care admissions due to severe maternal morbidity]. Rev Med Chil 2013; 141 (12) 1512-1519
- 32 Rojas-Suarez J, Paternina-Caicedo AJ, Miranda J, Mendoza R, Dueñas-Castel C, Bourjeily G. Comparison of severity-of-illness scores in critically ill obstetric patients: a 6-year retrospective cohort. Crit Care Med 2014; 42 (05) 1047-1054
- 33 Vasquez DN, Das Neves AV, Vidal L. , et al; ProPOC Study Group. Characteristics, outcomes, and predictability of critically ill obstetric patients: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (09) 1887-1897
- 34 Rios FG, Risso-Vázquez A, Alvarez J. , et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of obstetric patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 119 (02) 136-140
- 35 Creanga AA, Berg CJ, Syverson C, Seed K, Bruce FC, Callaghan WM. Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 2006-2010. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125 (01) 5-12
- 36 Creanga AA, Berg CJ, Ko JY. , et al. Maternal mortality and morbidity in the United States: where are we now?. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2014; 23 (01) 3-9
- 37 Sultan AA, West J, Grainge MJ. , et al. Development and validation of risk prediction model for venous thromboembolism in postpartum women: multinational cohort study. BMJ 2016; 355: i6253
- 38 Laupacis A, Wells G, Richardson WS, Tugwell P. ; Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Users' guides to the medical literature. V. How to use an article about prognosis. JAMA 1994; 272 (03) 234-237
- 39 Gordis L. Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2004
- 40 Steyerberg EW, Moons KG, van der Windt DA. , et al; PROGRESS Group. Prognosis Research Strategy (PROGRESS) 3: prognostic model research. PLoS Med 2013; 10 (02) e1001381
- 41 Keegan MT, Gajic O, Afessa B. Severity of illness scoring systems in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2011; 39 (01) 163-169
- 42 Steyerberg EW. Clinical Prediction Models: A Practical Approach to Development, Validation, and Updating. New York, NY: Springer; 2009
- 43 Teres D, Lemeshow S. Why severity models should be used with caution. Crit Care Clin 1994; 10 (01) 93-110 , discussion 111–115
- 44 Justice AC, Covinsky KE, Berlin JA. Assessing the generalizability of prognostic information. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130 (06) 515-524
- 45 Vincent JL, Moreno R. Clinical review: scoring systems in the critically ill. Crit Care 2010; 14 (02) 207
- 46 Cullen DJ, Civetta JM, Briggs BA, Ferrara LC. Therapeutic intervention scoring system: a method for quantitative comparison of patient care. Crit Care Med 1974; 2 (02) 57-60
- 47 Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA 1993; 270 (24) 2957-2963
- 48 Lemeshow S, Teres D, Klar J, Avrunin JS, Gehlbach SH, Rapoport J. Mortality Probability Models (MPM II) based on an international cohort of intensive care unit patients. JAMA 1993; 270 (20) 2478-2486
- 49 Moreno RP, Metnitz PG, Almeida E. , et al; SAPS 3 Investigators. SAPS 3--From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2: Development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31 (10) 1345-1355
- 50 Knaus W, Wagner D. APACHE III study design: analytic plan for evaluation of severity and outcome in intensive care unit patients. Individual patient decisions. Crit Care Med 1989; 17 (12, Pt 2): S204-S209
- 51 Metnitz PG, Moreno RP, Almeida E. , et al; SAPS 3 Investigators. SAPS 3--From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 1: Objectives, methods and cohort description. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31 (10) 1336-1344
- 52 Higgins TL, Teres D, Copes WS, Nathanson BH, Stark M, Kramer AA. Assessing contemporary intensive care unit outcome: an updated Mortality Probability Admission Model (MPM0-III). Crit Care Med 2007; 35 (03) 827-835
- 53 Teres D, Lemeshow S. When to customize a severity model. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25 (02) 140-142
- 54 Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Draper EA. , et al. The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults. Chest 1991; 100 (06) 1619-1636
- 55 Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, Draper EA, Wright L, Alzola C, Knaus WA. Evaluation of Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation III predictions of hospital mortality in an independent database. Crit Care Med 1998; 26 (08) 1317-1326
- 56 Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE, Draper EA. Variations in mortality and length of stay in intensive care units. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118 (10) 753-761
- 57 Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA, McNair DS, Malila FM. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV: hospital mortality assessment for today's critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006; 34 (05) 1297-1310
- 58 Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA, McNair DS, Malila FM, Shaffer VL. Intensive care unit length of stay: benchmarking based on Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV. Crit Care Med 2006; 34 (10) 2517-2529
- 59 Vincent JL, Bruzzi de Carvalho F. Severity of illness. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 31 (01) 31-38
- 60 Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985; 13 (10) 818-829
- 61 Knaus WA, Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, Draper EA, Lawrence DE. APACHE-acute physiology and chronic health evaluation: a physiologically based classification system. Crit Care Med 1981; 9 (08) 591-597
- 62 Aldawood A. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill obstetric patients: a ten-year review. Ann Saudi Med 2011; 31 (05) 518-522
- 63 Lewinsohn G, Herman A, Leonov Y, Klinowski E. Critically ill obstetrical patients: outcome and predictability. Crit Care Med 1994; 22 (09) 1412-1414
- 64 Stevens TA, Carroll MA, Promecene PA, Seibel M, Monga M. Utility of Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE III) score in maternal admissions to the intensive care unit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194 (05) e13 –e15
- 65 Paternina-Caicedo AJ, Rojas-Suarez JA, Dueñas-Castel C, Miranda-Quintero JE, Bourjeily G. Mortality risk prediction with an updated Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score in critically ill obstetric patients: a cohort study. J Intensive Care Med 2015; 30 (02) 97-102
- 66 Ryan HM, Sharma S, Magee LA. , et al. The usefulness of the APACHE II score in obstetric critical care: a structured review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2016; 38 (10) 909-918
- 67 Le Gall JR, Loirat P, Alperovitch A. , et al. A simplified acute physiology score for ICU patients. Crit Care Med 1984; 12 (11) 975-977
- 68 el-Solh AA, Grant BJ. A comparison of severity of illness scoring systems for critically ill obstetric patients. Chest 1996; 110 (05) 1299-1304
- 69 Lapinsky SE, Hallett D, Collop N. , et al. Evaluation of standard and modified severity of illness scores in the obstetric patient. J Crit Care 2011; 26 (05) 535.e1-535.e7
- 70 Lemeshow S, Teres D, Pastides H, Avrunin JS, Steingrub JS. A method for predicting survival and mortality of ICU patients using objectively derived weights. Crit Care Med 1985; 13 (07) 519-525
- 71 Bhagwanjee S, Paruk F, Moodley J, Muckart DJ. Intensive care unit morbidity and mortality from eclampsia: an evaluation of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and the Glasgow Coma Scale score. Crit Care Med 2000; 28 (01) 120-124
- 72 Marshall JC, Cook DJ, Christou NV, Bernard GR, Sprung CL, Sibbald WJ. Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 1995; 23 (10) 1638-1652
- 73 Le Gall JR, Klar J, Lemeshow S. , et al; ICU Scoring Group. The Logistic Organ Dysfunction system. A new way to assess organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit. JAMA 1996; 276 (10) 802-810
- 74 Vincent JL, de Mendonça A, Cantraine F. , et al. Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective study. Working group on “sepsis-related problems” of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 1998; 26 (11) 1793-1800
- 75 Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J. , et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22 (07) 707-710
- 76 Cecatti JG, Souza JP, Oliveira Neto AF. , et al. Pre-validation of the WHO organ dysfunction based criteria for identification of maternal near miss. Reprod Health 2011; 8: 22
- 77 Witteveen T, de Koning I, Bezstarosti H, van den Akker T, van Roosmalen J, Bloemenkamp KW. Validating the WHO Maternal Near Miss Tool in a high-income country. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2016; 95 (01) 106-111
- 78 Carle C, Alexander P, Columb M, Johal J. Design and internal validation of an obstetric early warning score: secondary analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre Case Mix Programme database. Anaesthesia 2013; 68 (04) 354-367
- 79 Singh A. Supply-side barriers to maternal health care utilization at health sub-centers in India. PeerJ 2016; 4: e2675
- 80 Singh S, McGlennan A, England A, Simons R. A validation study of the CEMACH recommended Modified Early Obstetric Warning System (MEOWS). Anaesthesia 2012; 67 (01) 12-18
- 81 Lewis Ge. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers' Lives: Reviewing Maternal Deaths to Make Motherhood Safer - 2003–2005. The Seventh Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. England: CEMACH; 2007
- 82 Paternina-Caicedo A, Miranda J, Bourjeily G. , et al. Performance of the Obstetric Early Warning Score in critically ill patients for the prediction of maternal death. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 216 (01) 58.e1-58.e8
- 83 von Dadelszen P, Payne B, Li J. , et al; PIERS Study Group. Prediction of adverse maternal outcomes in pre-eclampsia: development and validation of the fullPIERS model. Lancet 2011; 377 (9761): 219-227
- 84 Payne B, Magee LA, Côté AM. , et al. PIERS proteinuria: relationship with adverse maternal and perinatal outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2011; 33 (06) 588-597
- 85 Akkermans J, Payne B, von Dadelszen P. , et al. Predicting complications in pre-eclampsia: external validation of the fullPIERS model using the PETRA trial dataset. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 179: 58-62
- 86 Payne BA, Hutcheon JA, Ansermino JM. , et al; miniPIERS Study Working Group. A risk prediction model for the assessment and triage of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in low-resourced settings: the miniPIERS (Pre-eclampsia Integrated Estimate of RiSk) multi-country prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2014; 11 (01) e1001589
- 87 Albright CM, Ali TN, Lopes V, Rouse DJ, Anderson BL. The Sepsis in Obstetrics Score: a model to identify risk of morbidity from sepsis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211 (01) 39.e1-39.e8
- 88 Aarvold AB, Ryan HM, Magee LA, von Dadelszen P, Fjell C, Walley KR. Multiple organ dysfunction score is superior to the obstetric-specific sepsis in obstetrics score in predicting mortality in septic obstetric patients. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (01) e49-e57
- 89 Filippi V, Chou D, Ronsmans C, Graham W, Say L. Levels and causes of maternal mortality and morbidity. In: Black RE, Laxminarayan R, Temmerman M, Walker N. , eds. Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Disease Control Priorities, 3rd ed., Vol 2. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications; 2016
- 90 Goffman D, Nathan L, Chazotte C. Obstetric hemorrhage: a global review. Semin Perinatol 2016; 40 (02) 96-98
- 91 Mavrides E, Allard S, Chandraharan E. , et al. Prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. BJOG 2016; 124: e106-e149
- 92 Birkhahn RH, Gaeta TJ, Terry D, Bove JJ, Tloczkowski J. Shock index in diagnosing early acute hypovolemia. Am J Emerg Med 2005; 23 (03) 323-326
- 93 Rady MY, Rivers EP, Martin GB, Smithline H, Appelton T, Nowak RM. Continuous central venous oximetry and shock index in the emergency department: use in the evaluation of clinical shock. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10 (06) 538-541
- 94 Tourtier JP, Jost D, Domanski L. Shock index: a simple clinical parameter for mortality risk assessment in trauma?. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 73 (03) 780-781 , author reply 781
- 95 Birkhahn RH, Gaeta TJ, Van Deusen SK, Tloczkowski J. The ability of traditional vital signs and shock index to identify ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189 (05) 1293-1296
- 96 El Ayadi AM, Nathan HL, Seed PT. , et al. Vital sign prediction of adverse maternal outcomes in women with hypovolemic shock: the role of shock index. PLoS One 2016; 11 (02) e0148729
- 97 Liu YC, Liu JH, Fang ZA. , et al. Modified shock index and mortality rate of emergency patients. World J Emerg Med 2012; 3 (02) 114-117
- 98 Nathan HL, El Ayadi A, Hezelgrave NL. , et al. Shock index: an effective predictor of outcome in postpartum haemorrhage?. BJOG 2015; 122 (02) 268-275
- 99 Le Bas A, Chandraharan E, Addei A, Arulkumaran S. Use of the “obstetric shock index” as an adjunct in identifying significant blood loss in patients with massive postpartum hemorrhage. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 124 (03) 253-255
- 100 Skupski DW, Lowenwirt IP, Weinbaum FI, Brodsky D, Danek M, Eglinton GS. Improving hospital systems for the care of women with major obstetric hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107 (05) 977-983
- 101 Gosman GG, Baldisseri MR, Stein KL. , et al. Introduction of an obstetric-specific medical emergency team for obstetric crises: implementation and experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198 (04) 367.e1-367.e7
- 102 Baek MS, Son J, Huh JW. , et al. Medical emergency team may reduce obstetric intensive care unit admissions. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43 (01) 106-113
- 103 Thakur M, Gonik B, Gill N, Awonuga AO, Rocha FG, Gonzalez JM. Intensive care admissions in pregnancy: analysis of a level of support scoring system. Matern Child Health J 2016; 20 (01) 106-113
- 104 Mahutte NG, Le Q, Solomon J, Benjamin A, Boyd ME. Obstetric admissions to the intensive care unit. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94: 263-266
- 105 Bhagwanjee S, Paruk FJ, Moodley J, Muckart DJ. Intensive care unit morbidity and mortality from eclampsia: an evaluation of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and the Glasgow Coma Scale score. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 120-124
- 106 Afessa B, Green B, Koch K. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, organ failure, and outcome in critically ill obstetric patients treated in an ICU. Chest 2001; 120: 1271-1277
- 107 Munnur U, Karnad DR, Bandi VDP. , et al. Critically ill obstetric patients in an American and an Indian public hospital: comparison of case-mix, organ dysfunction, intensive care requirements, and outcomes. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31: 1087-1094
- 108 Harrison DA, D'Amico G, Singer M. Case mix, outcome, and activity for admissions to UK critical care units with severe acute pancreatitis: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care 2007; 11 (Suppl 1): S1
- 109 Mjahed K, Hamoudi D, Salmi S, Barrou L. Obstetric patients in a surgical intensive care unit: prognostic factors and outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 26: 418-423
- 110 Aldawood A. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill obstetric patients: a ten-year review. Ann Saudi Med 2011; 31: 518-522
- 111 Wang Y-Q, Ge Q-G, Wang J, Niu J-H, Huang C, Zhao Y-Y. The WHO near miss criteria are appropriate for admission of critically ill pregnant women to intensive care units in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2013; 126: 895-898
- 112 Crozier TM, Wallace EM. Obstetric admissions to an integrated general intensive care unit in a quaternary maternity facility. Aust New Zeal J Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 51: 233-238