2. Kopfschmerz vom Spannungstyp

• Literatur

• Ad hoc committee on classification of headache. Classification of headache. JAMA 1962; 179: 127-128.
• Andersson HI, Ejlertsson G, Leden I, Rosenberg C. Chronic pain in a geographically defined general population: studies. Clin J Pain 1993; 09: 174-82.
• Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Ekman R, Olesen J. Plasma levels of substance P, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Pain 1999; 83: 541-547.
• Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Olesen J. Nitric oxide-induced headache in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Brain 2000; 23: 1830-1837.
• Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Sakai F, Olesen J. Muscle hardness in patients with chronic tension-type headache: relation to actual headache state. Pain 1999; 79: 201-205.
• Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Sakai F, Olesen J. Possible mechanisms of glyceryl trinitrate induced headache in patients with chronic tensiontype headache. Cephalalgia 2000; 20: 919-924.
• Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Schifter S, Janssen-Olesen I, Olesen J. Plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide in chronic tensiontype headache. Neurology 2000; 55: 1335-1339.
• Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Schifter S, Janssen-Olesen I, Olesen J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in chronic tension-type headache. Adv Stud Med 2001; 01: 54-55.
• Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Schifter S, Olesen J. Evidence for increased plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide in migraine outside of attacks. Pain 2000; 86: 133-138.
• Ashina M, Lassen LH, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Olesen J. Effect of inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on chronic tension-type headache: a randomised crossover trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 287-289.
• Ashina M, Lassen LH, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Sakai F, Olesen J. Possible mechanisms of action of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in chronic tension-type headache. Brain 1999; 122: 1629-1635.
• Ashina M, Stallknecht B, Bendtsen L. et al. In vivo evidence of altered skeletal muscle blood flow in chronic tension-type headache. Brain 2002; 125: 320-6.
• Bach F, Langemark M, Secher NH, Olesen J. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid β-endorphin in chronic tension-type headache. Pain 1992; 51: 163-168.
• Bendtsen L. Central sensitization in tension-type headache – possible pathophysiological mechanisms. Cephalalgia 2000; 20: 486-508.
• Bendtsen L, Jensen R. Amitriptyline reduces myofascial tenderness in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 2000; 20: 603-10.
• Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Brennum J, Arendt-Nielsen L, Olesen J. Exteroceptive suppresion of temporal muscle activity is normal in chronic tension-type headache and not related to actual headache state. Cephalalgia 1996; 16: 251-256.
• Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Jensen NK, Olesen J. Pressure-controlled palpation: a new technique which increases the reliability of manual palpation. Cephalalgia 1995; 15: 205-210.
• Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Olesen J. Decreased pain detection and tolerance thresholds in chronic tension-type headache. Arch Neurol 1996; 53: 373-376.
• Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Olesen J. Qualitatively altered nociception in chronic myofascial pain. Pain 1996; 65: 259-264.
• Bovim G. Cervicogenic headache, migraine and tension headache. Pressure pain thresholds measurements. Pain 1992; 51: 169-173.
• Clark GT, Sakai S, Merrill R, Flack VF, McCreary C. Cross-correlation between stress, pain, physical activity, and temporalis muscle EMG in tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 1995; 15: 511-518.
• Diehr P, Wood RW, Barr V, Wolcott B, Slay L, Tompkins RK. Acute headaches: presenting symptoms and diagnostic rules to identify patients with tension and migraine headache. J Chron Dis 1981; 34: 147-158.
• Drummond PD. Scalp tenderness and sensitivity to pain in migraine and tension headache. Headache 1987; 27: 45-50.
• Friedman AP. Characteristics of tension-type headache. A profile of 1420 cases. Psychosomatics 1979; 20: 451-461.
• Friedman AP, von Storch TJC, Merritt HH. Migraine and tension headaches: a clinical study of two thousand cases. Neurology 1954; 04: 773-778.
• Göbel H, Petersen-Braun M, Soyka D. The epidemiology of headache in Germany: a nationwide survey of a representative sample on the basis of the headache classification of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia 1994; 14: 97-106.
• Göbel H, Weigle L, Kropp P, Soyka D. Pain sensitivity and pain reactivity of pericranial muscles in migraine and tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 1992; 12: 142-151.
• Hatch JP, Moore PJ, Cyr-Provost M, Boutros NN, Seleshi E, Borcherding S. The use of electromyography and muscle palpation in the diagnosis of tension-type headache with and without pericranial muscle involvement. Pain 1992; 49: 175-178.
• Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and Diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Cephalalgia 1988; 08 (Suppl. 07) 1-96.
• Jensen K. Quantification of tenderness by palpation and use of pressure algometer. Adv Pain Res Ther 1990; 17: 165-181.
• Jensen R. Mechanisms of spontaneous tensiontype headaches: an analysis of tenderness, pain thresholds and EMG. Pain 1996; 64: 251-256.
• Jensen R. Pathophysiological mechanisms of tension-type headache: a review of epidemiological and experimental studies. Cephalalgia 1999; 19: 602-21.
• Jensen R. The tension-type headache alternative. Peripheral pathophysiological mechanisms. Cephalalgia 1999; 19 (Suppl. 25) 9-10.
• Jensen R. Tension-type headache. Cur Treat Opt Neurol 2001; 03: 169-180.
• Jensen R. Mechanisms of tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 2001; 21: 786-789.
• Jensen R. Chronic tension-type headache. Adv Stud Med 2001; 01 (11) 449-450.
• Jensen R, Bendtsen L, Olesen J. Muscular factors are of importance in tension-type headache. Headache 1998; 38: 10-17.
• Jensen R, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Quantitative surface EMG of pericranial muscles. Relation to age and sex in a general population. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 93: 175-183.
• Jensen R, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Olesen J. Quantitative surface EMG of pericranial muscles in headache. A population study. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 93: 335-344.
• Jensen R, Olesen J. Initiating mechanisms of experimentally induced tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 1996; 16: 175-182.
• Jensen R, Olesen J. Tension-type headache: an update on mechanisms and treatment. Cur Opin Neurol 2000; 13: 285-289.
• Jensen R, Rasmussen BK. Muscular disorders in tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 1996; 16: 97-103.
• Jensen R, Rasmussen BK, Pedersen B, Lous I, Olesen J. Cephalic muscle tenderness and pressure pain threshold in a general population. Pain 1992; 48: 197-203.
• Jensen R, Rasmussen BK, Pedersen B, Olesen J. Muscle tenderness and pressure pain thresholds in headache. A population study. Pain 1993; 52: 193-199.
• Kunkel RS. Diagnosis and treatment of muscle contraction (tension-type) headaches. Med Clin North Am 1991; 75: 595-603.
• Langemark M, Bach FW, Ekman R, Olesen J. Increased cerebrospinal fluid met-enkephalin immunoreactivity in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Pain 1995; 63: 103-107.
• Langemark M, Bach FW, Jensen TS, Olesen J. Decreased nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in chronic tension-type headache. Arch Neurol 1993; 50: 1061-1064.
• Langemark M, Jensen K. Myofascial mechanisms of pain. In: Olesen J, Edvinson EL. (Eds). Basic Mechanisms of Headache. Elsevier; Amsterdam: 1988: 331-341.
• Langemark M, Jensen K, Jensen TS, Olesen J. Pressure pain thresholds and thermal nociceptive thresholds in chronic tension-type headache. Pain 1989; 38: 203-210.
• Langemark M, Jensen K, Olesen J. Temporal muscle blood flow in chronic tension-type headache. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 654-658.
• Langemark M, Olesen J. Pericranial tenderness in tension headache. Cephalalgia 1987; 07: 249-255.
• Langemark M, Olesen J, Poulsen DL, Bech P. Clinical characteristics of patients with tension-type headache. Headache 1988; 28: 590-596.
• Lipchik GL, Holroyd KA, France CR, Kvaal SA, Segal D, Cordingley GE, Rokicki LA, McCool HR. Central and peripheral mechanisms in chronic tension-type headache. Pain 1996; 64: 467-475.
• Lipton RB, Schwartz BS, Stewart WF. Epidemiology of tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 1997; 17: 233.
• Lous I, Olesen J. Evaluation of pericranial tenderness and oral function in patients with common migraine, muscle contraction headache and combination headache. Pain 1982; 12: 385-393.
• Marcus DA. Serotonin and its role in headache pathogenesis and treatment. Clin J Pain 1993; 09: 159-167.
• Martin PR, Mathews AM. Tension headaches: psychosociological investigation and treatment. J Psychosom Res 1978; 22: 389-399.
• Mennel J. Myofascial trigger points as a cause of headaches. J Manipulative Physiol Therap 1989; 12: 308-313.
• Mense S. Nociception from skeletal muscle in relation to clinical muscle pain. Pain 1993; 54: 241-289.
• Olesen J. Clinical and pathophysiological observations in migraine and tension-type headache explained by integration of vascular, supraspinal and myofascial inputs. Pain 1991; 46: 125-132.
• Olesen J, Jensen R. Getting away from simple muscle contraction as a mechanism of tension-type headache. Pain 1991; 46: 123-124.
• Östergaard S, Russell MB, Bendtsen L, Olesen J. Increased familial risk of chronic tension-type headache. BMJ 1997; 314: 1092-1093.
• Passchier J, Van der Helm-Hylkema H, Orlebeke JF. Psychophysiological characteristics of migraine and tension headache patients. Differential effects of sex and pain state. Headache 1984; 24: 131-139.
• Peterson AL, Talcott GW, Kelleher WJ, Haddock CK. Site specificity of pain and tension in tension-type headaches. Headache 1995; 35: 89-92.
• Pikoff H. Is the muscular model of headache still viable? A review of conflicting data. Headache 1984; 24: 186-198.
• Quinter JL, Cohen ML. Referred pain of peripheral nerve origin:An alternative to the myofascial pain construct. Clin J Pain 1994; 10: 243-251.
• Rasmussen BK. Migraine and tension-type headache in a general population: precipitating factors, female hormones, sleep pattern and relation to lifestyle. Pain 1993; 53: 65-72.
• Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Olesen J. A populationbased analysis of the criteria of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia 1991; 11: 129-134.
• Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Olesen J. Questionnaire versus clinical interview in the diagnosis of headache. Headache 1991; 31: 290-295.
• Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Olesen J. Impact of headache on sickness absence and utilisation of medical services: a Danish population study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992; 46: 443-446.
• Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Schroll M, Olesen J. Epidemiology of headache in a general population. A prevalence study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 1147-57.
• Sakai F, Ebihara S, Akiyama M, Horikawa M. Pericranial muscle hardness in tension-type headache. A non-invasive measurement method and its clinical application. Brain 1995; 118: 523-531.
• Sandrini G, Antonaci F, Pucci E, Bono G, Nappi G. Comparative study with EMG, pressure algometry and manual palpation in tension-type headache and migraine. Cephalalgia 1994; 14: 451-457.
• Sandrini G, Ruiz L, Alfonsi E, Cravera Nappi G. Antinociceptive system in primary headache disorders: A neurophysiological approach. In: Nappi G. et al. (Eds.) Headache and Depression: Serotonin pathways as a common clue. Raven Press; New York: 1991: 67-78.
• Simons DG. Clinical and etiological update of myofascial pain from trigger points. J Musculoskeletal Pain 1996; 04: 93-121.
• Schoenen J, Bottin D, Hardy F, Gerard P. Cephalic and extracephalic pressure pain thresholds in chronic tension-type headache. Pain 1991; 47: 145-149.
• Schoenen J, Gerard P, De Pasqua V, Juprelle M. EMG activity in pericranial muscles during postural variation and mental activity in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic tension-type headache. Headache 1991; 31: 321-324.
• Schoenen J, Gerard P, De Pasqua V, Sianard-Gainko J. Multiple clinical and paraclinical analyses of chronic tension-type headache associated or unassociated with disorder of pericranial muscles. Cephalalgia 1991; 11: 135-139.
• Schoenen J, Jamart B, Gerard P, Lenarduzzi P, Delwaide PJ. Exteroceptive suppression of temporalis muscle activity in chronic headache. Neurology 1987; 37: 1834-36.
• Solomon S, Lipton RB, Newman LC. Clinical features of chronic daily headache. Headache 1992; 32: 325-329.
• Travell JG, Simons DG. Myofascial pain and dysfunction. The trigger point manual. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore; 1983
• Ulrich V, Russel MB, Jensen R, Olesen J. A comparision of tension-type headache in migraineurs and in non-migraineurs: a population-based study. Pain 1996; 67: 501-506.
• Wang W, Schoenen J. Reduction of temporalis exteroceptive suppression by peripheral electrical stimulation in migraine and tension-type headaches. Pain 1994; 59: 327-334.
• Zwart JA, Sand T. Exteroceptive suppression of temporalis muscle activity: a blind study of tension-type headache, migraine and cervicogenic headache. Headache 1995; 35: 338-343.