Download PDF
Kinder- und Jugendmedizin 2012; 12(05): 308-313
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1629213
Parasitologie
Schattauer GmbH

Pediculosis capitis

Aktueller Kenntnisstand Epidemiologie, Diagnose und TherapiePediculosis capitisAn update on epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment
Hermann. Feldmeier
Further Information

Publication History

Eingereicht am:09 March 2012

angenommen am:21 March 2012

Publication Date:
31 January 2018 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Die Pediculosis capitis ist eine ubiquitär vorkommende parasitäre Hauterkrankung. Die Übertragung erfolgt durch direkten Kopf-zuKopf-Kontakt. Die Parasitose ist heterogen in der Kinderpopulation verteilt mit zeitlichem und räumlichem Cluster. In Mitteleuropa gibt es einen ausgeprägten saisonalen Häufigkeitsgipfel nach Ende der Sommerferien. Die Diagnose wird durch den Nachweis juveniler oder adulter Kopfläuse gestellt. Die empfindlichste Methode zum Nachweis einer aktiven Infestation ist das feuchte Auskämmen. Das Verfahren ist zeitaufwendig und in der kinder-ärztlichen Praxis nur schwer durchführbar. Die zweimalige Applikation eines topisch wirksamen Pedikulozids im Abstand von 7–10 Tagen ist die Standardtherapie. Liegen zeitgleich mehrere Parasitosen vor, bietet sich die orale Therapie mit Ivermectin an. Therapie der Wahl ist die topische Applikation eines Dimeticons, einer neuen Substanzklasse mit einem rein physikalischen Wirkprinzip.

Summary

Pediculosis capitis is an ubiquitous parasitic skin disease. The transmission occurs through direct head-to-head contact. The ectoparasitosis is heterogeneously distributed in the child population with spatio-temporal clusters. In Central Europe, there is a distinct seasonal variation in incidence with a peak after the end of the summer holidays. The diagnosis is made through the detection of juvenile or adult head lice. The most sensitive method to diagnose an active infestation is wet combing. The method is laborious and time-consuming and not suitable in a pediatric practice. The application of a topically acting pediculicide (twice 7–10 days apart) is the standard treatment. Oral ivermectin is an alternative in patients with the simultaneous occurrence of parasitic skin diseases and intestinal helminthes. Treatment of choice is the topical application of a dimeticone, a new group of compounds with a pure physical mode of action.

Schlüsselwörter

Pediculosis capitis - Kopflausinfestation

Keywords

Pediculosis capitis - headlice infestation
 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Angelakis E, Diatta G, Abdissa A. et al Altitude-dependent Bartonella quintana Genotype C in Head Lice, Ethiopia. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17: 2357-2359.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Anonym. Topische Therapie bei Kopfläusen. Der Arzneimittelbrief. 2009; 43: 81-86.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Audino PG, Vassena C, Zerba E, Picollo M. Effectiveness of lotions based on essential oils from aromatic plants against permethrin resistant Pediculus humanus capitis. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299: 389-392.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Bailey AM, Provic P. Persistent head lice following multiple treatments: evidence for insecticide resistance in Pediculus humanus capitis. Australas J Dermatol 2000; 41: 250-254.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Bauer E, Jahnke C, Feldmeier H. Seasonal fluctuations of head lice infestation in Germany. Parasitol Res 2009; 104: 677-681.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Buczek A, Markowska-Gosik D, Widomska D, Kawa IM. Pediculosis capitis among schoolchildren in urban and rural areas of eastern Poland. European Journal of Epidemiology 2004; 19: 491-495.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Burgess IF. The mode of action of dimeticone 4 % lotion against head lice, Pediculus capitis. BMC Pharmacoloy 2009; 9 DOI: doi:10.1186/1471- 2210-9-3.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Burgess IF, Brown CM, Lee PN. Treatment of head louse infestation with 4 % dimeticone lotion: randomised controlled equivalence trial. BMJ 2005; 330: 1423-1426.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Burgess IF, Lee PN, Brown CM. Randomised, controlled, parallel group clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of isopropyl myristate/cyclomethicone solution against head lice. The Pharmaceutical Journal 2008; 280: 371-375.
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Burgess IF, Brunton ER, Burgess NA. Clinical trial showing superiority of a coconut and anise spray over permethrin 0.43 % lotion for head louse infestation, ISRCTN96469780. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169: 55-62.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Burgess IF, Kay K, Burgess NA, Brunton ER. Soya oil-based shampoo superior to 0.5 % permethrin lotion for head louse infestation.. Medical Devices: Evidence and Research; 2011. 4 35-42.
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Burgess IF, Lee PN, Matlock G. Randomised, controlled, assessor blind trial comparing 4 % Dimeticone lotion with 0.5 % Malathion liquid for head lice infestation. Plos ONE 2007; 2: e1127
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Canyon DV, Speare R. Indirect transmission of head lice via inanimate objects. The Open Dermatology Journal 2010; 4: 72-76.
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Chosidow O, Giraudeau G, Cottrell J. et al Oral Ivermectin versus Malathion Lotion for Difficult-to- Treat Head Lice. The New England Journal of Medicine 2010; 362: 896-905.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Courtiade C, Labrèze C, Fontan I. et al La pédiculose du cuir chevelu: Enquete par questionnaire dans quatre groupes scolaires de l'académie de Bordeaux. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1993; 120: 363-368.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Downs AMR, Stafford KA, Coles GC. Head lice: Prevalence in schoolchildren and insecticide resistence. Parasitol Today 1999; 15: 1-3.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Dornseiff M, Schwartz T. Randomisierte, Untersucher- verblindete kontrollierte, multizentrische Therapiestudie mit Dodecanol plus Demeticon (Dimet® 20*) versus Dimeticon-Mono bei Kopflausbefall - Integrierter Abschlussbericht. 2010 http://www.g-ba.de/downloads/40-268-1323/2010-08-19_AM-RL-V_Aufnahme_Dimet%2020_Abschlussbericht.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Durand R, Bouvresse S, Berdjane Z. et al Insecticide resistance in head lice: clinical, parasitological and genetic aspects. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2012; in press DOI: doi:10.1111/ j.1469-0691.2012. 03806.x.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Elston DM. Drug-Resistant Lice. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139: 1061-1064.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Falagas ME, Matthaiou DK, Rafailidis PI. et al Worldwide prevalence of head lice. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2008; 14: 1493-1494.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Feldmeier H. Pediculosis capitis - Die wichtigste Parasitose des Kindesalters. Kinder- und Jugendmedizin 2006; 4: 249-259.
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Feldmeier H. Lice as vectors of pathogenic microorganisms. In Heukelbach J. (ed) Management and Control of Head Lice Infestation Bremen: UNIMED-Verlag 2010; 132-135.
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Heuckelbach J, Oliveira FA, Richter J, Häussinger D. Dimeticone-Based Pediculocides: A Physical Approach to Eradicate Head Lice. The Open Dermatology Journal 2010; 4: 77-81.
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Heukelbach J, Canyon DV, Speare R. The effect of natural products on head lice: in vitro tests and clinical evidence. Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2007; 2: 67-76.
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Heukelbach J, Pilger D, Oliveira F. et al A highly efficacious pediculocide based on dimeticone: Randomized observer blinded comparative trial. BMC Infectious Diseases 2008; 8 DOI: doi:10.1186/ 1471-2 334-8-115.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Heukelbach J, Sonnberg S, Becher H. et al Ovicidal efficacy of high concentration dimeticone: A new era of head lice treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64: e61-e62.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Hunter JA, Barker SC. Susceptibility of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) to pediculicides in Australia. Parasitol Res 2003; 90: 476-478.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Jahnke C, Bauer E, Feldmeier H. Pediculosis capitis im Kindesalter: epidemiologische und sozialmedizinische Erkenntnisse einer Reihenuntersuchung von Schulanfängern. Gesundheitswesen 2008; 70: 667-673.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Jahnke C, Bauer E, Hengge U, Feldmeier H. Accuracy of diagnosis of pediculosis capitis: visual inspection versus wet combing. Arch Dermatol 2009; 145: 309-313.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Kokturk A, Baz K, Bugdayci R. et al The prevalence of pediculosis capitis in schoolchildren in Mersin, Turkey. Int J Dermatol 2003; 42: 694-698.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Kurt O, Balcioglu C, Burgess IF. et al Treatment of head lice with dimeticone 4 % lotion: comparison of two formulations in a randomised controlled trial in rural Turkey. BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 441
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Light JE, Allen JM, Long LM. et al Geographic distributions and origins of human head lice (pediculus humans captitis) based on mitochondrial data. American society of parasitologists 2008; 1275-1281.
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Menegaux F, Baruchel A, Bertrand Y. et al Household exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood leukaemia. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006; 63: 131-134.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Mumcuoglu KY, Miller J, Manor O. et al The prevalence of ectoparasites in Ethiopian immigrants. Isr J Med Sci 1993; 29: 371-373.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Nair B. Final report on the safety assessment of stearoxy dimethicone, dimethicone, methicone, amino bispropyl dimethicone, aminopropyl dimethicone, amodimethicone, amodimethicone hydroxystearate, behenoxy dimethicone, C24-28 alkyl methicone, C30-45 alkyl methicone, C30-45 alkyl dimethicone, cetearyl methicone, cetyl dimethicone, dimethoxysilyl ethylenediaminopropyl dimethicone, hexyl methicone, hydroxypropyldimethicone, stearamidopropyl dimethicone, stearyl dimethicone, stearyl methicone, and vinyldimethicone. Int J Toxicol 2003; 22: 11-35.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 NN. Behandlung von Kopfläusen. arznei-telegramm 2006; 37: 79-83.
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Picollo MI, Vassena CV, Mougabure Cueto GA. et al Resistance to insecticides and effect of synergesis on permethrin toxicity in Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Buenos Aires. Journal of Medical Entomology 2000; 37: 721-725.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Richling I, Böckeler W. Lethal effects of treatment with a special dimeticone formula on head lice and house crickets (Orthoptera, Ensifera: Acheta domestica and Anoplura, Phthiraptera: Pediculus humanus). Arzneimittel-Forschung 2008; 58: 248-254.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Rukke BA, Birkemoe T, Soleng A. et al Head lice prevalence among households in Norway; importance of spatial variables and individual and household characteristics. Parasitology 2011; 138: 1296-1304.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Rukke BA, Birkemoe T, Soleng A. et al Head Lice in Norwegian Households: Actions Taken, Costs and Knowledge.. Plos ONE in press 2012
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Sonnberg S, Oliveira FA, de Melo ILA. et al Ex vivo development of eggs from head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis). The Open Dermatology Journal 2010; 4: 82-89.
    Google Scholar
  • 42 Sendzik J, Stahlmann R. Arzneimittel gegen Kopflausbefall. Toxikologie und Wirksamkeit. MMP 2005; 28: 167-172.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Tomalik-Scharte D, Lazar A, Meins J. et al Dermal absorption of permethrin following topical administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 61: 399-404.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Weiss RA. Apes, lice and prehistory. Journal of Biology 2009; 8 DOI: doi:10.1186/jbiol114.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Willems S, Lapeere H, Haedens N. et al The importance of socio-economic status and individual characteristics on the prevalence of head lice in schoolchildren. Eur J Dermatol 2005; 15: 387-392.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Yang Y, Lee H, Clark JM, Ahn Y. Insecticidal activity of plant essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 2004; 41: 699-704.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar