Download PDF
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2001; 14(04): 185-189
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1632696
Review Article
Schattauer GmbH

Antibiotic prophylaxis in veterinary orthopaedic surgery

S. C. Budsberg
1   Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
,
J. A. Kirsch
1   Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received 31 May 2001

Accepted 31 May 2001

Publication Date:
09 February 2018 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Antibiotic prophylaxis is widespread in veterinary and human surgery. Key principles must be followed in case selection, drug choice and administration to ensure maximal effectiveness. More prospective clinical trials in veterinary orthopaedics are needed to better define which patients and which procedures will benefit from antimicrobial prophylaxis.

Keywords

Antibiotics - prophylaxis - orthopaedic surgery
 

  • REFERENCES

  • 1 Ad hoc Committee of the Committee on Trauma (Division of Medical Sciences, National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council). Postoperative wound infections: the influence of ultraviolet irradiation of the operating room and of various other factors Ann Surg 1964; 160 (02) 23-4.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Alexander JW, Altemier WA. Penicillin prophylaxis of experimental staphylococcal wound infections. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1965; 120: 243-54.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Bagley DH, Zachary LS, Robson MC, Heggers J. Cefoxitin concentration in wound fluid. Arch Surg 1985; 120 (06) 752-3.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Bartlett JG. Experimental aspects of intraabdominal abscess. Am J Med 1984; 76 (5A): 91-8.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Beal MW, Brown DC, Shofer FS. The effects of perioperative hypothermia and the duration of anesthesia on postoperative wound infection rate in clean wounds: a retrospective study. Vet Surg 2000; 29: 123-7.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Brown DC, Conzemius MG, Shofer F, Swann H. Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infections in dogs and cats. JAVMA 1997; 210 (09) 1302-6.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Burke JF. The effective period of preventive antibiotic action in experimental incisions and dermal lesions. Surg 1961; 50: 161-8.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Burke JF. Use of preventive antibiotics in clinical surgery. Am Surg 1973; 39: 6-11.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Caywood DD, Wallace LJ, Braden TD. Osteomyelitis in the dog: A review of 67 cases. J Vet Med Assoc 1978; 172: 943-6.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Horn SD, Menlove RL, Burke JP. The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical wound infection. N Engl J Med 1992; 326 (05) 281-6.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) report, data from October 1986- April 1996. A report from the National Noscomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system. Am J Infect Control 1996; 24: 380-8.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Cruse PJE, Foord R. A five-year prospective study of 23,649 surgical wounds. Arch Surg 1973; 107: 206-9.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Culver DH, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Banerjee SN, Edwards JR, Tolson JS, Henderson TS, Hughes JM. The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. Am J Med 1991; 91 (3B): 152S-8S.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Daly RC, Fitzgerald RH, Washington JA. Penetration of cefazolin into normal and osteomyelitic canine cortical bone. Anti- microb Agents Chemother 1982; 22: 461-9.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 DiPiro JT, Vallner JJ, Bowden TA, Clark BA, Sisley JF. Intraoperative serum and tissue activity of cefazolin and cefoxitin. Arch Surg 1985; 120 (07) 829-32.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 DiPiro JT, Cheung RPF, Bowden TA, Mansberger JA. Single dose systemic antibiotic prophylaxis of surgical wound infections. Am J Surg 1986; 152: 552-9.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Esposito S. Is single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis sufficient for any surgical procedure?. J Chemother 1999; 11 (06) 556-64.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Fradet G, Brister S, Richards GK. et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in vascular surgery: phamacokinetic study of four commonly used cephalosporins. J Vase Surg 1986; 03: 535-9.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Gortel K, Campbell KL, Kakoma I. et al. Methaicillin resistance among staphylococci isolated from dogs. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60: 1526-30.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Finland M. Antibacterial agents: uses and abuses in treatment and prophylaxis. R I Med J 1960; 43: 499-520.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Haley RW. Nosocomial infections in surgical patients: developing valid measures of intrinsic patient risk. Am J Med 1991; 91 (3B): 145S-51S.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ. et al. CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Infect Control Epidemiol 1992; 13: 606-8.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Holmberg DL. Prophylactic use of antibiotics in surgery. Vet Clin North Am 1978; 08 (02) 219-27.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Johnstone FRC. An assessment of prophylactic antibiotics in general surgery. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1963; 116: 1-10.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Kaiser AB. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. N Eng J Med 1986; 315 (18) 1129-37.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Kaplan O, Berger S, Gorea A, Rozin RR, Lelcuk S. Penetration of prophylactic antibiotics into peritoneal fluid. Am J Surg 1989; 157 (06) 585-7.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Leaper DJ. Prophylactic and therapeutic role of antibiotics in wound care. Am J Surg 1994; 167 (1A): 15S-9S.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Linenbaum W, Veras M, Blum E. et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from otitis externa in dogs. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 31 (01) 42-5.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Ludwig KA, Carlson MA, Condon RE. Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery. Annu Rev Med 1993; 44: 385-93.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Marcellin-Little DJ, Papich MG, Richardson DC. et al. Pharmacokinetic model for cefazolin distribution during total hip arthroplasty in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57: 720-3.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Miles AA, Miles EM, Burke J. The value and duration of defense reactions of the skin to the primary lodgment of bacteria. Br J Exp Pathol 1957; 38: 79-96.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Nichols RL. Postoperative wound infections. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1701-2.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Nichols RL. Surgical wound infections. Am J Med 1991; 91 (Suppl 3B): S54-64.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Nichols RL. Surgical infections: prevention and treatment-1965 to 1995. Am J Med 1996; 172: 68-74.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Nichols RL. Preventing surgical site infections: A surgeon’s perspective. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2001; 07: 220-224.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Normand EH, Gibson NR, Reid SWJ. et al. Antimicrobial-resistance trends in bacterial isolates from companion animal community practices in the UK. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2000; 46: 267-78.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Novelli A. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery: the role of pharmacokinetics. J Chemother 1999; 11 (06) 565-72.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Page CP, Bohnen JMA, Fletcher JR, McManus AT, Solomkin JS, Wittmann DH. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgical wounds: guidelines for clinical care. Arch Surg 1993; 128 (01) 79-88.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Pellerin JL, Bourdeau P, Sebbag H. et al. Epidemiosurveillance of antimicrobial compound resistance of Staphylococcus intermedium clinical isolates from canine pyodermas. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 21 (02) 115-33.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Petersen SW, Rosin E. In vitro antibacterial activity of cefoxitin and cefotetan and pharmacokinetics in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54 (09) 1496-9.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Petersen SW, Rosin E. Cephalothin and cefazolin in vitro antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics in dogs. Vet Surg 1995; 24: 341-51.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Pulaski EJ. Discriminate antibiotic prophylaxis in elective surgery. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1959; 108: 385-8.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Richardson DC, Aucoin DP, DeYoung DJ. et al. Pharmacokinetic disposition of cefazolin in serum and tissue during canine total hip replacement. Vet Surg 1992; 21: 1-4.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Romatowski J. Prevention and control of surgical wound infection. JAVMA 1994; 194 (01) 107-14.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Rosin E. Empirical selection of antibiotics in small animal surgery. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 1990; 12: 231-4.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Rosin E, Uphoff TS, Schultz-Darken NJ, Collins MT. Cefazolin antibacterial activity and concentrations in serum and the surgical wound in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54 (08) 1317-21.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Sanchez-Ubeda R, Fernand E, Rousselot LM. Complication rate in general surgical cases. The value of penicillin and streptomycin as perioperative prophylaxis- a study of 511 cases. N Engl J Med 1958; 259: 1045-50.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Shapiro M, Shimon D, Freund U, Sacks T. A decisive period in the antibiotic prophylaxis of cutaneous lesions caused by Bacteroides fragilis in guinea pigs. J Infect Dis 1980; 141 (04) 532.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Smeak DD, Olmstead ML. Infections in clean wounds: the roles of the surgeon, environment, and host. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 1984; 06 (07) 629-34.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Stone HH. Prevention of wound infections. In: Controversy in surgery. Vanco RL, Delaney JP. (eds). Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1976: 660.
    Google Scholar
  • 51 Strachan CJ, Black JP. Prophylactic use of cefazolin against sepsis after cholecystectomy. Br Med J 1977; 01: 1254-7.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Turina M. New clinical data on the prophylaxis of infections in abdominal, gynecologic, and urologic surgery. Am J Surg 1992; 164 (Sup): 16S-20S.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Vasseur PB, Levy J, Dowd E, Eliot J. Surgical wound infection rates in dogs and cats: data from a teaching hospital. Vet Surg 1988; 17 (02) 60-4.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Vasseur PB, Paul HA, Enos LR. et al. Infection rates in clean surgical procedures: a comparison of ampicillin prophylaxis vs a placebo. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985; 187: 825-7.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Vogel PL, Komtebedde J, Hirsh DC. et al. Wound contamination and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria cultured during total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214: 1641-43.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Whittem TL, Johnson AL, Smith CW, Schaeffer DJ, Coolman BR, Averill SM, Cooper TK, Merkin GR. Effect of perioperative prophylactic antimicrobial treatment in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. JAVMA 1999; 215 (02) 212-6.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Wieck JA, Jackson JK, O’Brien TJ, Lurate RB, Russell JM, Dorchak JD. Efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in arthroscopic surgery. Orthopedics 1997; 20: 133-4.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Wilkens B, Sullivan P, McDonald TP. et al. Effects of cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefmetazole on the hemostatic mechanism in normal dogs: implications for the surgical patient. Vet Surg 1995; 24: 25-31.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Wittmann DH, Schein M. Let us shorten antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy in surgery. Am J Surg 1996; 172 (suppl 6A) 26S-32S.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar