Antithrombin III Activity and Concentration in Diabetes Mellitus

Summary

Antithrombin III (AT III) levels have been reported to be low, normal, and high in diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, a dicrepancy between AT III activity and antigen concentration was reported. We have evaluated the behaviour of AT III activity and antigen level both in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, either in uncontrolled or in well controlled patients. AT III activity and antigen levels showed values similar to normal. No difference was seen between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Similar results were observed in the group of well controlled diabetic patients. AT III activity and antigen did not correlate with blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA₁). No difference was observed between AT III activity and antigen levels in any group. Therefore the hypercoagulable state found in diabetes mellitus does not depend on AT III modifications. A discrepancy between AT III activity and antigen was not confirmed. A dysantithrombinaemia, explained on the basis of an inactivation of protein glycosylation in diabetes mellitus has not been confirmed.

Keywords

Antithrombin III activity and antigen - Glycosylated haemoglobin - Diabetes mellitus

• References

• 1 Rosemberg RO. Actions and interactions of antithrombin and heparin. N Eng J Med 1975; 292: 146-151
• 2 Filip DI, Eckstein JD, Veltkamp JJ. Hereditary antithrombin deficiency and thromboembolic disease. Am J Haematol 1976; 2: 343-349
• 3 Mackie M, Bennett B, Ogston D, Douglas AS. Familial thrombosis: inherited deficiency of antithrombin III. Br Med J 1978; 32: 136-138
• 4 Matsuo T, Ohki V, Kado S, Matsuo O. Familial antithrombin III deficiency in a Japanese family. Thromb Res 1979; 16: 815-823
• 5 Sas G, Blaskó G, Bánhegyi D, Jákó J, Pálos AC. Abnormal antithrombin III (Antithrombin III Budapest) as a cause of a familial thrombophilia. Thrombos Diathes Haemorrh 1974; 32: 105-115
• 6 Girolami A, Marafioti F, Rubertelli M, Vicarioto MA, Cappellato G, Mazzuccato M. Antithrombin III Trento. A “new” congenital AT III abnormality with a peculiar crossed-immunoelectrophoretic pattern in the absence of heparin. Acta Haematol 1984; 72: 73-82
• 7 Girolami A, Pengo V, Cappellato G, Vianello C, Procidano M, Cartei C. Antithrombin III Padua: a “new” congenital antithrombin III abnormality with normal or near normal activity, normal antigen, abnormal migration and no thrombotic disease. Folia Haematol 1983; 110: 98-111
• 8 Girolami A, Fabris F, Cappellato G, Sainati L, Boeri G. Antithrombin III (AT III) Padua₂: A “new” congenital abnormality with defective heparin cofactor activities but no thrombotic disease. Blut 1983; 47: 93-103
• 9 Sas G, Köves A, Petö I, Domján G. On the inheritance of the abnormal antithrombin III (AT-III Budapest). Thromb Haemostas 1978; 39: 530-532
• 10 Jones RL, Peterson CM. Hematologic alterations in Diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1981; 70: 339-352
• 11 Preston FE. Disorders of haemostasis in Diabetes mellitus. Ricerca Clin Lab 1982; 12: 425-438
• 12 Hughes A, McVerry BA, Wilkinson L, Goldstone AH, Lexis D, Bloom A. Diabetes, a hypercoagulable state? Haemostatic variables in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Haematol 1983; 9: 254-259
• 13 Patrassi GM, Vettor R, Padovan D, Girolami A. Contact phase of blood coagulation in Diabetes mellitus. Europ J Clin Invest 1982; 12: 307-311
• 14 Banerjee RN, Sahni AL, Kumar V, Arya M. Antithrombin III deficiency in maturity onset diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Thrombos Diathes Haemorrh 1974; 31: 339-345
• 15 Ceriello A, Dello Russo P, Zuccotti C, Florio A, Nazzaro S, Pietrantuono C, Rosato GB. Decreased antithrombin III activity in diabetes may be due to non-enzymatic glycosylation. A preliminary report. Thromb Haemostas 1983; 50: 633-634
• 16 Gandolfo GM, De Angelis A, Torresi MV. Determination of antithrombin III activity by different methods in diabetic patients. Haemostasis 1980; 9: 15-19
• 17 Christe M, Fritschi J, Lämmle B, Tran TH, Marbert GA, Berger W, Duckert F. Fifteen coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters in Diabetes mellitus and in patients with vasculopathy. Thromb Haemostas 1984; 52: 138-143
• 18 Elder GE, Mayne EE, Daly JG, Kennedy AC, Hadden DR, Montgomery DAD, Weaver JA. Antithrombin III activity and other coagulation changes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Haemostasis 1980; 9: 288-296
• 19 Grignani G, Gamba G, Geroldi D, Pacchiarini L, Solerte B, Ferrari E, Ascari E. Enhanced antithrombin mechanisms in patients with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus without thromboembolic complications. Thromb Haemostas 1981; 46: 648-651
• 20 Gamba G, Grignani G, Montera V, Perotti G, Ragone L, Ascari E. Activators and inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus without thromboembolic complications. Ricerca Clin Lab 1983; 13: 337-345
• 21 Borsey DQ, Prowse CV, Gray RS, Dawers J, James K, Elton RA. Platelet and coagulation factors in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37: 659-664
• 22 Abildgaard U, Lie M, Odegaard OR. Antithrombin (heparin cofactor) assay with “new” chromogenic substrates (S-2238 and Chromozym TH). Thromb Res 1977; 11: 549-553
• 23 Laurell CB. Quantitative estimation of proteins by electrophoresis of some human proteins. Anal Biochem 1966; 15: 45-52
• 24 Mancini G, Carbonara O, Heremans JF. Immunochemical quantitation of antigens by single radial immunodiffusion. Immunochemistry 1965; 2: 235-254
• 25 Werner W, Rey H, Wielinger H. Über die Eigenschaften eines neuen Chromogens für die Blutzuckerbestimmung nach der GOD/POD-Methode. Z Analyt Chem 1980; 252: 224-227
• 26 Trivelli LA, Ranne YHM, Lay HT. Haemoglobin components in patients with diabetes mellitus. N Eng J Med 1971; 284: 353-357
• 27 Corbella E, Miragliotta G, Maspery R, Villa S, Bini A, De Gaetano G, Chiumello G. Platelet aggregation and AT III levels in diabetic children. Haemostasis 1979; 8: 30-37
• 28 Bunn HF. Nonenzymatic glycosylation of protein: relevance to Diabetes. Am J Med 1981; 70: 325-330
• 29 Czech A, Taton J. Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA₁) as an indicator of therapy effects in different clinical types of diabetes. J Chron Dis 1983; 36: 803-810
• 30 Ceriello A, Curcio F, Dello Russo P, Giugliano D. Non-enzymatic glycosylation reduces antithrombin III activity. Thromb Haemostas 1984; 52: 363