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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Joints 2018; 06(02): 122-127
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660790
Review Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Osteoporosis: Current Concepts

Ibrahim Akkawi
1   Orthopaedics and Traumatology Unit, Villa Erbosa Hospital, Bologna, Italy
,
Hassan Zmerly
1   Orthopaedics and Traumatology Unit, Villa Erbosa Hospital, Bologna, Italy
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

03 September 2017

02 May 2018

Publication Date:
14 June 2018 (online)

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Abstract

Osteoporosis is a worldwide disease characterized by reduction of bone mass and alteration of bone architecture resulting in increased bone fragility and increased fracture risk. Causes of osteoporosis include increasing age, female sex, postmenopausal status, hypogonadism or premature ovarian failure, low body mass index, ethnic background, rheumatoid arthritis, low bone mineral density (BMD), vitamin D deficiency, low calcium intake, hyperkyphosis, current smoking, alcohol abuse, immobilization, and long-term use of certain medications. The diagnosis of osteoporosis is established by measurement of BMD of the hip and spine using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. According to the World Health Organization criteria, osteoporosis is defined as a BMD that lies 2.5 standard deviation or more below the average value for young healthy women. Bone turnover biomarker detection may be useful in monitoring osteoporosis treatment and assessing fracture risk but not for diagnosis of osteoporosis. Management of osteoporosis consists of nonpharmacological interventions, which are recommended for all subjects, and pharmacological therapy in all postmenopausal women who have had an osteoporotic fracture or have BMD values consistent with osteoporosis.

Keywords

osteoporosis - DEXA - bone mineral density - anabolic agents - antiresorptive agents
 

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