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Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 40(01): 081-093
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1683896
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Optimal Ventilator Strategies in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Michael C. Sklar
1   Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,
Bhakti K. Patel
2   Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
,
Jeremy R. Beitler
3   Center for Acute Respiratory Failure and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
,
Thomas Piraino
4   Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
5   Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
6   Department of Respiratory Therapy, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,
Ewan C. Goligher
1   Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
7   Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
8   Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
06 May 2019 (online)

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Abstract

Mechanical ventilation practices in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have progressed with a growing understanding of the disease pathophysiology. Paramount to the care of affected patients is the delivery of lung-protective mechanical ventilation which prioritizes tidal volume and plateau pressure limitation. Lung protection can probably be further enhanced by scaling target tidal volumes to the specific respiratory mechanics of individual patients. The best procedure for selecting optimal positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in ARDS remains uncertain; several relevant issues must be considered when selecting PEEP, particularly lung recruitability. Noninvasive ventilation must be used with caution in ARDS as excessively high respiratory drive can further exacerbate lung injury; newer modes of delivery offer promising approaches in hypoxemic respiratory failure. Airway pressure release ventilation offers an alternative approach to maximize lung recruitment and oxygenation, but clinical trials have not demonstrated a survival benefit of this mode over conventional ventilation strategies. Rescue therapy with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation is an important option in refractory hypoxemia. Despite a disappointing lack of benefit (and possible harm) in patients with moderate or severe ARDS, possibly due to lung hyperdistention and right ventricular dysfunction, high-frequency oscillation may improve outcome in patients with very severe hypoxemia.

Keywords

acute respiratory distress syndrome - mechanical ventilation - positive end-expiratory pressure - high-frequency oscillation - noninvasive ventilation - oxygen
 

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