PDF herunterladen
Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41(03): 308-320
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729969
Review Article

Current and Evolving Indications for Simultaneous Liver Kidney Transplantation

Kathy M. Nilles
1   Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
,
Josh Levitsky
2   Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
› Institutsangaben
› Weitere Informationen
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

This review will discuss the etiologies of kidney disease in liver transplant candidates, provide a historical background of the prior evolution of simultaneous liver–kidney (SLK) transplant indications, discuss the current indications for SLK including Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network policies and Model for End Stage Liver Disease exception points, as well as provide an overview of the safety net kidney transplant policy. Finally, the authors explore unanswered questions and future research needed in SLK transplantation.

Keywords

simultaneous liver kidney - liver transplant alone - kidney after liver transplant - safety net kidney transplant - renal recovery - outcomes


Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
15. Juni 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL. et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club. Hepatology 1996; 23 (01) 164-176
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Gonwa TA, Klintmalm GB, Levy M, Jennings LS, Goldstein RM, Husberg BS. Impact of pretransplant renal function on survival after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1995; 59 (03) 361-365
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Fede G, D'Amico G, Arvaniti V. et al. Renal failure and cirrhosis: a systematic review of mortality and prognosis. J Hepatol 2012; 56 (04) 810-818
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Sharma P, Schaubel DE, Sima CS, Merion RM, Lok AS. Re-weighting the model for end-stage liver disease score components. Gastroenterology 2008; 135 (05) 1575-1581
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Freeman Jr RB, Wiesner RH, Roberts JP, McDiarmid S, Dykstra DM, Merion RM. Improving liver allocation: MELD and PELD. Am J Transplant 2004; 4 (Suppl. 09) 114-131
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Ojo AO, Held PJ, Port FK. et al. Chronic renal failure after transplantation of a nonrenal organ. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 (10) 931-940
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Nair S, Verma S, Thuluvath PJ. Pretransplant renal function predicts survival in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 2002; 35 (05) 1179-1185
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Gonwa TA, McBride MA, Anderson K, Mai ML, Wadei H, Ahsan N. Continued influence of preoperative renal function on outcome of orthotopic liver transplant (OLTX) in the US: where will MELD lead us?. Am J Transplant 2006; 6 (11) 2651-2659
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Sharma P, Schaubel DE, Guidinger MK, Merion RM. Effect of pretransplant serum creatinine on the survival benefit of liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009; 15 (12) 1808-1813
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Sanchez EQ, Gonwa TA, Levy MF. et al. Preoperative and perioperative predictors of the need for renal replacement therapy after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 2004; 78 (07) 1048-1054
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Fong TL, Khemichian S, Shah T, Hutchinson IV, Cho YW. Combined liver-kidney transplantation is preferable to liver transplant alone for cirrhotic patients with renal failure. Transplantation 2012; 94 (04) 411-416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Davis CL, Gonwa TA, Wilkinson AH. Identification of patients best suited for combined liver-kidney transplantation: part II. Liver Transpl 2002; 8 (03) 193-211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Gonwa TA, Mai ML, Melton LB. et al. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) using calcineurin-based immunotherapy: risk of development and treatment. Transplantation 2001; 72 (12) 1934-1939
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Margreiter R, Kramar R, Huber C. et al. Combined liver and kidney transplantation. Lancet 1984; 1 (8385): 1077-1078
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Boyle G. OPTN UNOS Briefing Paper: Simultaneous Liver Kidney (SLK) Allocation. 2020 . Accessed January 6, 2020 at: optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/1871/kidney_briefingpaper_SLK_201606.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Solà E, Ginès P. Challenges and management of liver cirrhosis: pathophysiology of renal dysfunction in cirrhosis. Dig Dis 2015; 33 (04) 534-538
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Ginès P, Solà E, Angeli P, Wong F, Nadim MK, Kamath PS. Hepatorenal syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4 (01) 23
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Angeli P, Ginès P, Wong F. et al. Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. J Hepatol 2015; 62 (04) 968-974
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Huelin P, Solà E, Elia C. et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for assessment of acute kidney injury in cirrhosis: a prospective study. Hepatology 2019; 70 (01) 319-333
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Solà E, Cárdenas A, Ginès P. Results of pretransplant treatment of hepatorenal syndrome with terlipressin. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18 (03) 265-270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Ariza X, Graupera I, Coll M. et al; CANONIC Investigators, EASL CLIF Consortium. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a biomarker of acute-on-chronic liver failure and prognosis in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2016; 65 (01) 57-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Singal AK, Ong S, Satapathy SK, Kamath PS, Wiesner RH. Simultaneous liver kidney transplantation. Transpl Int 2019; 32 (04) 343-352
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 KDIGO. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. August 15, 2020. Accessed January 25, 2021 at: https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/KDIGO_2012_CKD_GL.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Hart A, Smith JM, Skeans MA. et al. OPTN/SRTR 2018 annual data report: kidney. Am J Transplant 2020; 20 (Suppl. 01) 20-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE. et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018; 67 (01) 328-357
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Mantovani A, Zaza G, Byrne CD. et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increases risk of incident chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 2018; 79: 64-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Musso G, Cassader M, Cohney S. et al. Fatty liver and chronic kidney disease: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities. Diabetes Care 2016; 39 (10) 1830-1845
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Singal AK, Hasanin M, Kaif M, Wiesner R, Kuo YF. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the most rapidly growing indication for simultaneous liver kidney transplantation in the United States. Transplantation 2016; 100 (03) 607-612
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 CDC Data Brief: Hypertension. Accessed August 15, 2020 at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db289.htm
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 CDC. Data Brief: Diabetes. Accessed August 15, 2020 at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db289.htm
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Gupta A, Quigg RJ. Glomerular diseases associated with hepatitis B and C. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2015; 22 (05) 343-351
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Lorenzo V, Torres A, Salido E. Primary hyperoxaluria. Nefrologia 2014; 34 (03) 398-412
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Baumgartner MR, Hörster F, Dionisi-Vici C. et al. Proposed guidelines for the diagnosis and management of methylmalonic and propionic acidemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9: 130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Lobato L, Rocha A. Transthyretin amyloidosis and the kidney. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 7 (08) 1337-1346
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Noris M, Remuzzi G. Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2009; 361 (17) 1676-1687
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Zuber J, Fakhouri F, Roumenina LT, Loirat C, Frémeaux-Bacchi V. French Study Group for aHUS/C3G. Use of eculizumab for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathies. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012; 8 (11) 643-657
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Legendre CM, Licht C, Muus P. et al. Terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2013; 368 (23) 2169-2181
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Fakhouri F, Hourmant M, Campistol JM. et al. Terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in adult patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: a single-arm, open-label trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 68 (01) 84-93
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Merrill SA, Brittingham ZD, Yuan X, Moliterno AR, Sperati CJ, Brodsky RA. Eculizumab cessation in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood 2017; 130 (03) 368-372
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Patel A, Chapman AB, Mikolajczyk AE. A practical approach to polycystic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2019; 14 (05) 176-179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Abu-Wasel B, Walsh C, Keough V, Molinari M. Pathophysiology, epidemiology, classification and treatment options for polycystic liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19 (35) 5775-5786
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Marik PE, Wood K, Starzl TE. The course of type 1 hepato-renal syndrome post liver transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21 (02) 478-482
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Puri V, Eason J. Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation. Curr Transplant Rep 2015; 2 (04) 297-302
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Nadim MK, Sung RS, Davis CL. et al. Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation summit: current state and future directions. Am J Transplant 2012; 12 (11) 2901-2908
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Eason JD, Gonwa TA, Davis CL, Sung RS, Gerber D, Bloom RD. Proceedings of consensus conference on simultaneous liver kidney transplantation (SLK). Am J Transplant 2008; 8 (11) 2243-2251
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Charlton MR, Wall WJ, Ojo AO. et al; International Liver Transplantation Society Expert Panel. Report of the first international liver transplantation society expert panel consensus conference on renal insufficiency in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009; 15 (11) S1-S34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Campbell MS, Kotlyar DS, Brensinger CM. et al. Renal function after orthotopic liver transplantation is predicted by duration of pretransplantation creatinine elevation. Liver Transpl 2005; 11 (09) 1048-1055
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Sharma P, Goodrich NP, Zhang M, Guidinger MK, Schaubel DE, Merion RM. Short-term pretransplant renal replacement therapy and renal nonrecovery after liver transplantation alone. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8 (07) 1135-1142
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 UNOS. Sharing UNFO. 2020. Accessed January 7, 2020 at: https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/view-data-reports/national-data/#
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Davis CL, Feng S, Sung R. et al. Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation: evaluation to decision making. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (07) 1702-1709
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Ruiz R, Kunitake H, Wilkinson AH. et al. Long-term analysis of combined liver and kidney transplantation at a single center. Arch Surg 2006; 141 (08) 735-741 , discussion 741–742
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Northup PG, Argo CK, Bakhru MR, Schmitt TM, Berg CL, Rosner MH. Pretransplant predictors of recovery of renal function after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2010; 16 (04) 440-446
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Locke JE, Warren DS, Singer AL. et al. Declining outcomes in simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation in the MELD era: ineffective usage of renal allografts. Transplantation 2008; 85 (07) 935-942
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Chang Y, Gallon L, Shetty K. et al. Simulation modeling of the impact of proposed new simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation policies. Transplantation 2015; 99 (02) 424-430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Levitsky J, Baker T, Ahya SN. et al. Outcomes and native renal recovery following simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2012; 12 (11) 2949-2957
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Davis CL. Impact of pretransplant renal failure: when is listing for kidney-liver indicated?. Liver Transpl 2005; (11, Suppl 2): S35-S44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Reese PP, Veatch RM, Abt PL, Amaral S. Revisiting multi-organ transplantation in the setting of scarcity. Am J Transplant 2014; 14 (01) 21-26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Hanish SI, Samaniego M, Mezrich JD. et al. Outcomes of simultaneous liver/kidney transplants are equivalent to kidney transplant alone: a preliminary report. Transplantation 2010; 90 (01) 52-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Cannon RM, Davis EG, Jones CM. A tale of two kidneys: differences in graft survival for kidneys allocated to simultaneous liver kidney transplant compared with contralateral kidney from the same donor. J Am Coll Surg 2019; 229 (01) 7-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Formica RN, Aeder M, Boyle G. et al. Simultaneous liver-kidney allocation policy: a proposal to optimize appropriate utilization of scarce resources. Am J Transplant 2016; 16 (03) 758-766
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Wiesner RH, McDiarmid SV, Kamath PS. et al. MELD and PELD: application of survival models to liver allocation. Liver Transpl 2001; 7 (07) 567-580
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) Policies. Policy 9: Allocation of Livers and Liver-Intestines. 2020 . Accessed June 1, 2020 at: https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/1200/optn_policies.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Solé C, Pose E, Solà E, Ginès P. Hepatorenal syndrome in the era of acute kidney injury. Liver Int 2018; 38 (11) 1891-190
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Levitsky J, Baker TB, Jie C. et al. Plasma protein biomarkers enhance the clinical prediction of kidney injury recovery in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Hepatology 2014; 60 (06) 2017-2026
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Lorenzen JM, Hafer C, Faulhaber-Walter R. et al. Osteopontin predicts survival in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26 (02) 531-537
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Icer MA, Gezmen-Karadag M. The multiple functions and mechanisms of osteopontin. Clin Biochem 2018; 59: 17-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Kusaka M, Kuroyanagi Y, Ichino M. et al. Serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) predicts organ recovery from delayed graft function after kidney transplantation from donors after cardiac death. Cell Transplant 2010; 19 (06) 723-729
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Bojic S, Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Kalezic N. et al. Diagnostic value of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Tohoku J Exp Med 2015; 237 (02) 103-109
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Levitsky J, Asrani SK, Abecassis M, Ruiz R, Jennings LW, Klintmalm G. External validation of a pretransplant biomarker model (REVERSE) predictive of renal recovery after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2019; 70 (04) 1349-1359
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Network. OOPaT. Guidance to Liver Transplant Programs and the National Liver Review Board for Adult MELD Exception Review. 2020 . Accessed June 1, 2020 at: https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/2847/liver_guidance_adult_meld_201706.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Ruiz R, Barri YM, Jennings LW. et al. Hepatorenal syndrome: a proposal for kidney after liver transplantation (KALT). Liver Transpl 2007; 13 (06) 838-843
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Pita A, Kaur N, Emamaullee J. et al. Outcomes of liver transplantation in patients on renal replacement therapy: considerations for simultaneous liver kidney transplantation versus safety net. Transplant Direct 2019; 5 (10) e490
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Martin EF, Huang J, Xiang Q, Klein JP, Bajaj J, Saeian K. Recipient survival and graft survival are not diminished by simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation: an analysis of the united network for organ sharing database. Liver Transpl 2012; 18 (08) 914-929
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Catalano G, Tandoi F, Mazza E. et al. Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation in adults: a single-center experience comparing results with isolated liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2015; 47 (07) 2156-2158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Jay CL, Washburn WK, Rogers J, Harriman D, Heimbach J, Stratta RJ. Difference in survival in early kidney after liver transplantation compared with simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation: evaluating the potential of the “safety net”. J Am Coll Surg 2020; 230 (04) 463-473
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Policy 8: Allocation of Kidneys. June 1, 2020. Accessed January 25, 2021 at: https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/1200/optn_policies.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Cannon R, Goldberg D, Eckhoff D, Anderson D, Orandi BJ, Locke JE. Early outcomes with the liver-kidney safety net. [Abstract]Am J Transplant 2020;20(03):
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Kucheryavaya A, Formica RN, Turgeon N, Stewart D, Wilk AR. An early look at the OPTN's new SLK allocation policy. [Abstract] Am J Transplant 2017;17(S3)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Wiseman AC. Simultaneous liver-kidney transplant: long-term management (steroid withdrawal and safety net patients). Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2019; 13 (06) 176-179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Hmoud B, Kuo YF, Wiesner RH, Singal AK. Outcomes of liver transplantation alone after listing for simultaneous kidney: comparison to simultaneous liver kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2015; 99 (04) 823-828
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Mustian MN, Kumar V, Stegner K. et al. Mitigating racial and sex disparities in access to living donor kidney transplantation: impact of the nation's longest single-center kidney chain. Ann Surg 2019; 270 (04) 639-646
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Jay C, Stratta RJ, Washburn WK. et al. Comparing early kidney after liver transplant (KALT) and simultaneous liver-kidney transplant (SLK): evaluating racial disparities. Will everyone have the same “safety net”?. Am J Transplant 2020;20(suppl 3). Accessed May 27, 2021 at: https://atcmeetingabstracts.com/abstract/comparing-early-kidney-after-liver-transplant-kalt-and-simultaneous-liver-kidney-transplant-slk-evaluating-racial-disparities-will-everyone-have-the-same-safety-net/
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Paramesh AS, Davis JY, Mallikarjun C. et al. Kidney transplantation alone in ESRD patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis. Transplantation 2012; 94 (03) 250-254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Parsikia A, Campos S, Khanmoradi K. et al. Equal 3-year outcomes for kidney transplantation alone in HCV-positive patients with cirrhosis. Int Surg 2015; 100 (01) 142-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Chadban SJ, Ahn C, Axelrod DA. et al. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline on the evaluation and management of candidates for kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2020; 104 (01) 11-103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol 2006; 44 (01) 217-231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB. et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018; 68 (02) 723-750
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Hoffmann CJ, Subramanian AK, Cameron AM, Engels EA. Incidence and risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma after solid organ transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 86 (06) 784-790
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Teh SH, Nagorney DM, Stevens SR. et al. Risk factors for mortality after surgery in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132 (04) 1261-1269
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Northup PG, Friedman LS, Kamath PS. AGA Clinical Practice Update on surgical risk assessment and perioperative management in cirrhosis: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17 (04) 595-606
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Heimbach JK, Kulik LM, Finn RS. et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018; 67 (01) 358-380
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Mikolasevic I, Racki S, Lukenda V, Pavletic-Persic M, Milic S, Orlic L. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; a part of the metabolic syndrome in the renal transplant recipient and possible cause of an allograft dysfunction. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82 (01) 36-39
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Nair S, Verma S, Thuluvath PJ. Obesity and its effect on survival in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation in the United States. Hepatology 2002; 35 (01) 105-109
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Adams LA, Arauz O, Angus PW. et al; Australian New Zealand Liver Transplant Study Group. Additive impact of pre-liver transplant metabolic factors on survival post-liver transplant. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31 (05) 1016-1024
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Cannon RM, Jones CM, Hughes MG, Eng M, Marvin MR. The impact of recipient obesity on outcomes after renal transplantation. Ann Surg 2013; 257 (05) 978-984
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Hill CJ, Courtney AE, Cardwell CR. et al. Recipient obesity and outcomes after kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30 (08) 1403-1411
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Bonner K, Heimbach JK. Obesity management in the liver transplant recipient: the role of bariatric surgery. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2018; 23 (02) 244-249
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Orandi BJ, Purvis JW, Cannon RM. et al. Bariatric surgery to achieve transplant in end-stage organ disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Surg 2020; 220 (03) 566-579
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Takata MC, Campos GM, Ciovica R. et al. Laparoscopic bariatric surgery improves candidacy in morbidly obese patients awaiting transplantation. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008; 4 (02) 159-164 , discussion 164–165
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Lin MY, Tavakol MM, Sarin A. et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is safe and efficacious for pretransplant candidates. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013; 9 (05) 653-658
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Safwan M, Collins KM, Abouljoud MS, Salgia R. Outcome of liver transplantation in patients with prior bariatric surgery. Liver Transpl 2017; 23 (11) 1415-1421
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Elli EF, Gonzalez-Heredia R, Sanchez-Johnsen L, Patel N, Garcia-Roca R, Oberholzer J. Sleeve gastrectomy surgery in obese patients post-organ transplantation. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 12 (03) 528-534
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Khoraki J, Katz MG, Funk LM, Greenberg JA, Fernandez LA, Campos GM. Feasibility and outcomes of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy after solid organ transplantation. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 12 (01) 75-83
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Lin MY, Tavakol MM, Sarin A. et al. Safety and feasibility of sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese patients following liver transplantation. Surg Endosc 2013; 27 (01) 81-85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Tsamalaidze L, Stauffer JA, Arasi LC. et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity in patients after orthotopic liver transplant: a matched case-control study. Obes Surg 2018; 28 (02) 444-450
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Osseis M, Lazzati A, Salloum C. et al. Sleeve gastrectomy after liver transplantation: feasibility and outcomes. Obes Surg 2018; 28 (01) 242-248
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Heimbach JK, Watt KD, Poterucha JJ. et al. Combined liver transplantation and gastric sleeve resection for patients with medically complicated obesity and end-stage liver disease. Am J Transplant 2013; 13 (02) 363-368
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Nesher E, Mor E, Shlomai A. et al. Simultaneous liver transplantation and sleeve gastrectomy: prohibitive combination or a necessity?. Obes Surg 2017; 27 (05) 1387-1390
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Tariciotti L, D'Ugo S, Manzia TM. et al. Combined liver transplantation and sleeve gastrectomy for end-stage liver disease in a bariatric patient: first European case-report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2016; 28: 38-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Al-Nowaylati AR, Al-Haddad BJ, Dorman RB. et al. Gastric bypass after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2013; 19 (12) 1324-1329
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Lunsford KE, Bodzin AS, Markovic D. et al. Avoiding futility in simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation: analysis of 331 consecutive patients listed for dual organ replacement. Ann Surg 2017; 265 (05) 1016-1024
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Korayem IM, Agopian VG, Lunsford KE. et al. Factors predicting kidney delayed graft function among recipients of simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation: a single-center experience. Clin Transplant 2019; 33 (06) e13569
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Aziz F, Gardezi A, Muth B. et al. A single-center assessment of delayed graft function in recipients of simultaneous liver and kidney transplant. Prog Transplant 2020; 30 (04) 342-348
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Weeks SR, Luo X, Haugen CE. et al. Delayed graft function in simultaneous liver kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2020; 104 (03) 542-550
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Hibi T, Sageshima J, Molina E. et al. Predisposing factors of diminished survival in simultaneous liver/kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2012; 12 (11) 2966-2973
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Heilman RL, Smith ML, Smith BH. et al. Progression of interstitial fibrosis during the first year after deceased donor kidney transplantation among patients with and without delayed graft function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11 (12) 2225-2232
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Parikh CR, Jani A, Mishra J. et al. Urine NGAL and IL-18 are predictive biomarkers for delayed graft function following kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2006; 6 (07) 1639-1645
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Alhamad T, Brennan DC, Brifkani Z. et al. Pretransplant midodrine use: a newly identified risk marker for complications after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2016; 100 (05) 1086-1093
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Ekser B, Mangus RS, Fridell W. et al. A novel approach in combined liver and kidney transplantation with long-term outcomes. Ann Surg 2017; 265 (05) 1000-1008
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Ekser B, Chen AM, Kubal CA. et al. Delayed kidney transplantation after 83 hours of cold ischemia time in combined liver-kidney transplant. Transplantation 2019; 103 (11) e382-e383
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Wadei HM, Bulatao IG, Gonwa TA. et al. Inferior long-term outcomes of liver-kidney transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors: single-center and organ procurement and transplantation network analyses. Liver Transpl 2014; 20 (06) 728-735
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 LaMattina JC, Mezrich JD, Fernandez LA. et al. Simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors: a brief report. Liver Transpl 2011; 17 (05) 591-595
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Nunez-Nateras R, Reddy KS, Aqel BA. et al. Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation from donation after cardiac death donors: an updated perspective. Am J Transplant 2020; 20 (12) 3582-3589
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Croome KP, Mao S, Yang L, Pungpapong S, Wadei HM, Taner CB. Improved national results with simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation using donation after circulatory death donors. Liver Transpl 2020; 26 (03) 397-407
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Levitsky J. Does the liver provide immunosuppressive advantage?. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2019; 13 (06) 180-183
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Levitsky J, Feng S. Tolerance in clinical liver transplantation. Hum Immunol 2018; 79 (05) 283-287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Taner T, Heimbach JK, Rosen CB, Nyberg SL, Park WD, Stegall MD. Decreased chronic cellular and antibody-mediated injury in the kidney following simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 2016; 89 (04) 909-917
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Taner T, Park WD, Stegall MD. Unique molecular changes in kidney allografts after simultaneous liver-kidney compared with solitary kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 2017; 91 (05) 1193-1202
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Taner T, Gustafson MP, Hansen MJ. et al. Donor-specific hypo-responsiveness occurs in simultaneous liver-kidney transplant recipients after the first year. Kidney Int 2018; 93 (06) 1465-1474
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Simpson N, Cho YW, Cicciarelli JC, Selby RR, Fong TL. Comparison of renal allograft outcomes in combined liver-kidney transplantation versus subsequent kidney transplantation in liver transplant recipients: analysis of UNOS database. Transplantation 2006; 82 (10) 1298-1303
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Nilles KM, Krupp J, Lapin B, Sustento-Reodica N, Gallon L, Levitsky J. Incidence and impact of rejection following simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation. J Hepatol 2015; 62 (02) 340-345
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Nilles KM, Levitsky J. Donor-specific antibodies in liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2020; 15 (01) 13-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 O'Leary JG, Gebel HM, Ruiz R. et al. Class II alloantibody and mortality in simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13 (04) 954-960
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Nilles KM, Levitsky J. Too much or not enough? Induction immunosuppression in the simultaneous liver-kidney recipient. Liver Transpl 2019; 25 (03) 365-366
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 AbdulRahim N, Anderson L, Kotla S. et al. Lack of benefit and potential harm of induction therapy in simultaneous liver-kidney transplants. Liver Transpl 2019; 25 (03) 411-424
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Olausson M, Mjörnstedt L, Nordén G. et al. Successful combined partial auxiliary liver and kidney transplantation in highly sensitized cross-match positive recipients. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (01) 130-136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar