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Int J Sports Med 2016; 37(13): 1007-1018
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-105649
Review
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol Measurement in Sports Medicine: a Narrative Review and User’s Guide for Researchers and Practitioners

L. D. Hayes
1   Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
,
N. Sculthorpe
2   Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
,
B. Cunniffe
3   English Institute of Sport, English Institute of Sport, Marlow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
,
F. Grace
4   Faculty of Health, Federation University, Victoria, Australia
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted after revision 21 March 2016

Publication Date:
27 September 2016 (online)

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Abstract

Since the initial reporting of salivary hormone measurements in marathon runners in the early 1980s, the practice of utilizing salivary testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) to reflect acute and rhythmic changes to their systemic counterparts has gained considerable momentum. However, substantial variability exists between studies with respect to methodological protocols, laboratory techniques, and interpretation of study findings. These differences can directly influence the salivary hormone values, thus hampering interpretation, limiting cross-study comparison, and constraining the generalizability of individual study findings. This article examines the current body of literature before proposing a sequence of practical guidelines to minimize sample variability in salivary hormone research. The guidelines are grouped into 3 major categories that limit comparison between studies; A) study design, B) sample acquisition and biological variation, and C) technical and analytical error. To achieve this, the present article critically appraises research employing salivary T and C measurements, identifies potential sources of error before proposing appropriate methodological considerations for researchers and practitioners wishing to obtain T and C measurement from saliva.

Key words

androgens - exercise - sex hormone - sport - steroid
 

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