Int J Sports Med 2017; 38(01): 48-54
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-113465
Training & Testing
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Effects of Precooling on 30-km Cycling Performance and Pacing in Hot and Temperate Environments

André Maia-Lima
1   Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
,
Guilherme Passos Ramos
1   Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
2   Brazilian Football Confederation, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
,
Michele Macedo Moraes
1   Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
,
Diogo Antônio Soares Pacheco
1   Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
,
Gustavo Guimarães Aguiar de Oliveira
1   Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
,
Cristiano Lino Monteiro de Barros
1   Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
3   Federal University of Uberlândia, School of Physical Education, Uberlândia, Brazil
,
Luciano Sales Prado
1   Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
,
Emerson Silami Garcia
1   Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
4   Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Physical Education, São Luiz, Brazil
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf



accepted after revision 15. Juli 2016

Publikationsdatum:
10. Januar 2017 (online)

Abstract

This study examined the effects of precooling on performance and pacing during 30-km cycling exercise in hot and temperate environments. 8 trained male cyclists performed 4 trials involving either cooling (PRECTEMP and PRECHOT) or no-cooling interventions (TEMP and HOT) prior to a 30-km self-paced cycling exercise in either a hot (35°C, 68% relative humidity) or temperate environment (24°C, 68% relative humidity). Exercise time was longer in HOT (60.62±3.47 min) than in TEMP (58.28±3.30 min; P<0.001), and precooling attenuated this thermal strain performance impairment (PRECHOT 58.28±3.30 min; P=0.048), but it was still impaired compared with TEMP (P=0.02). Exercise performance in PRECTEMP (54.58±4.35 min) was no different from TEMP. Initial power output was sustained until the end of the exercise in both TEMP and PRECTEMP, but was reduced from the 12th km until the end of the trial in HOT (P<0.05). This reduction was delayed by precooling because power output was reduced only after the 20th km during PRECHOT (P<0.05). Heart rate was similar in all conditions throughout almost the entire exercise, suggesting the maintenance of similar relative intensities. In conclusion, precooling was effective in attenuating, but not completely reversing thermal strain performance impairment and offered no ergogenic effect in the temperate environment.

 
  • References

  • 1 Abbiss CR, Burnett A, Nosaka K, Green JP, Foster JK, Laursen PB. Effect of hot versus cold climates on power output, muscle activation, and perceived fatigue during a dynamic 100-km cycling trial. J Sports Sci 2010; 28: 117-125
  • 2 American College of Sports Medicine. Position Stand on Exercise and Fluid Replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 1-7
  • 3 Armstrong LE, Maresh CM, Castellani JW, Bergeron MF, Kenefick RW, LaGasse KE, Riebe D. Urinary indices of hydration status. Int J Sports Nutr 1994; 4: 265-279
  • 4 Arngrímsson SA, Petitt DS, Borrani F, Skinner KA, Cureton KJ. Hyperthermia and maximal oxygen uptake in men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 92: 524-532
  • 5 Arngrímsson SA, Petitt DS, Stueck MG, Jorgensen DK, Cureton KJ. Cooling vest worn during active warm-up improves 5-km run performance in the heat. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 1867-1874
  • 6 Balke B, Ware RW. An experimental study of physical fitness of Air Force personnel. US Armed Forces Med J 1959; 10: 675-688
  • 7 Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14: 377-381
  • 8 Booth J, Marino FE, Ward JJ. Improved running performance in hot humid conditions following whole body precooling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 943-949
  • 9 Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Montain SJ, Sawka MN. Mechanisms of aerobic performance impairment with heat stress and dehydration. J Appl Physiol 2010; 109: 1989-1995
  • 10 Daanen HA, van Es EM, de Graaf JL. Heat strain and gross efficiency during endurance exercise after lower, upper, or whole body precooling in the heat. Int J Sports Med 2006; 27: 379-388
  • 11 Duffield R, Green R, Castle P, Maxwell N. Precooling can prevent the reduction of self-paced exercise intensity in the heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 577-584
  • 12 Duffield R, Marino FE. Effects of pre-cooling procedures on intermittent sprint exercise performance in warm conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 100: 727-735
  • 13 Drust B, Waterhouse J, Atkinson G, Edwards B, Reilly T. Circadian rhythms in sports performance: an update. Chronobiol Int 2005; 22: 21-44
  • 14 Ely BR, Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Sawka MN. Aerobic performance is degraded, despite modest hyperthermia, in hot environments. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 135-141
  • 15 Gagge AP, Stolwijk JA, Hardy JD. Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures. Environ Res 1967; 1: 1-20
  • 16 Galloway SD, Maughan RJ. Effects of ambient temperature on the capacity to perform prolonged cycle exercise in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 1240-1249
  • 17 González-Alonso J, Teller C, Andersen SL, Jensen FB, Hyldig T, Nielsen B. Influence of body temperature on the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 1032-1039
  • 18 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2016 update. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 1121-1124
  • 19 Joseph T, Johnson B, Battista RA, Wright G, Dodge C, Porcari JP, de Koning JJ, Foster C. Perception of fatigue during simulated competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40: 381-386
  • 20 Marino FE. Methods, advantages, and limitations of body cooling for exercise performance. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36: 89-94
  • 21 Marino FE. Anticipatory regulation and avoidance of catastrophe during exercise-induced hyperthermia. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 139: 561-569
  • 22 Marino FE. Time trial performance and pacing in heat is determined by rate of heat gain. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47: 218
  • 23 Minett GM, Duffield R, Marino FE, Portus M. Duration-dependent response of mixed-method pre-cooling for intermittent-sprint exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 3655-3666
  • 24 Nielsen B, Hales JR, Strange S, Christensen NJ, Warberg J, Saltin B. Human circulatory and thermoregulatory adaptations with heat acclimation and exercise in a hot, dry environment. J Physiol 1993; 460: 467-485
  • 25 Périard JD, Cramer MN, Chapman PG, Caillaud C, Thompson MW. Cardiovascular strain impairs prolonged self-paced exercise in the heat. Exp Physiol 2011; 96: 134-144
  • 26 Périard JD, Racinais S. Self-paced exercise in hot and cool conditions is associated with the maintenance of %˙VO2peak within a narrow range. J Appl Physiol 2015; 15: 1258-1265
  • 27 Racinais S, Périard JD, Karlsen A, Nybo L. Effect of heat and heat acclimatization on cycling time trial performance and pacing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47: 601-606
  • 28 Ranalli GF, Demartini JK, Casa DJ, McDermott BP, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Effect of body cooling on subsequent aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24: 3488-3496
  • 29 Roberts MF, Wenger CB, Stolwijk JA, Nadel ER. Skin blood flow and sweating changes following exercise training and heat acclimation. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1977; 57: 1749-1753
  • 30 Ross M, Abbiss C, Laursen P, Martin D, Burke L. Precooling methods and their effects on athletic performance: a systematic review and practical applications. Sports Med 2013; 43: 207-225
  • 31 Schlader ZJ, Simmons SE, Stannard SR, Mündel T. Skin temperature as a thermal controller of exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 1631-1639
  • 32 Siegel R, Laursen PB. Keeping your cool: possible mechanisms for enhanced exercise performance in the heat with internal cooling methods. Sports Med 2012; 42: 89-98
  • 33 Skein M, Duffield R, Cannon J, Marino FE. Self-paced intermittent-sprint performance and pacing strategies following respective pre-cooling and heating. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 253-266
  • 34 Tatterson AJ, Hahn AG, Martin DT, Febbraio MA. Effect of heat stress on physiological responses and exercise performance in elite cyclist. J Sci Med Sport 2000; 3: 186-193
  • 35 Tucker R, Marle T, Lambert EV, Noakes TD. The rate of heat storage mediates an anticipatory reduction in exercise intensity during cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion. J Physiol 2006; 574: 905-915
  • 36 Tyler CJ, Sunderland C, Cheung SS. The effect of cooling prior to and during exercise on exercise performance and capacity in the heat: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49: 7-13
  • 37 Vaile J, Halson S, Gill N, Dawson B. Effect of cold water immersion on repeat cycling performance and thermoregulation in the heat. J Sports Sci 2008; 26: 431-440
  • 38 Williamson JW, Fadel PJ, Mitchell JH. New insights into central cardiovascular control during exercise in humans: a central command update. Exp Physiol 2006; 91: 51-58
  • 39 Wingo JE, Lafrenz AJ, Ganio MS, Edwards GL, Cureton KJ. Cardiovascular drift is related to reduced maximal oxygen uptake during heat stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 248-255
  • 40 Wingo JE, Ganio MS, Cureton KJ. Cardiovascular drift during heat stress: implications for exercise prescription. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2012; 40: 88-94
  • 41 Yeo ZW, Fan PW, Nio AQ, Byrne C, Lee JK. Ice slurry on outdoor running performance in heat. Int J Sports Med 2012; 33: 859-866