Rofo 2017; 189(04): 326-332
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-122148
Contrast Agents
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Iodinated Contrast Media and the Alleged “Iodine Allergy”: An Inexact Diagnosis Leading to Inferior Radiologic Management and Adverse Drug Reactions

Jodierte Kontrastmittel und die sogenannte „Jodallergie“: eine unexakte Diagnose führt zu ineffizientem radiologischen Management und unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen
Ingrid Böhm
1   Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
2   Department of Clinical Research (DCR), University of Bern, Switzerland
,
Knud Nairz
1   Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
,
John N. Morelli
3   Radiology, St. John's Medical Center Tulsa, United States
,
Patricia Silva Hasembank Keller
1   Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
,
Johannes T. Heverhagen
1   Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
2   Department of Clinical Research (DCR), University of Bern, Switzerland
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

11 July 2016

18 November 2016

Publication Date:
01 March 2017 (online)

Abstract

Purpose To test the hypothesis that the incomplete diagnosis “iodine allergy” is a possibly dangerous concept for patients under routine radiologic conditions.

Materials and Methods 300 patients with a history of an “iodine allergy“ were retrospectively screened and compared with two age-, sex-, and procedure-matched groups of patients either diagnosed with a nonspecific “iodine contrast medium (ICM) allergy” or an allergy to a specific ICM agent. For all groups, the clinical symptoms of the most recent past adverse drug reaction (ADR), prophylactic actions taken for subsequent imaging, and ultimate outcome were recorded and analyzed.

Results The diagnosis “iodine allergy“ was not otherwise specified in 84.3 % patients. For this group, in most cases, the symptoms of the previous ADRs were not documented. In contrast, the type of ADR was undocumented in only a minority of patients in the comparison groups. In the group of patients with an “iodine allergy” the percentage of unenhanced CT scans was greater than within the other two groups (36.7 % vs. 28.7 %/18.6 %). ADRs following prophylactic measures were only observed in the “iodine allergy” group (OR of 9.24 95 % CI 1.16 – 73.45; p < 0.04).

Conclusion This data confirms the hypothesis that the diagnosis “iodine allergy” is potentially dangerous and results in uncertainty in clinical management and sometimes even ineffective prophylactic measures.

Key points

  • The term “iodine allergy” is imprecise, because it designates allergies against different substance classes, such as disinfectants with complexed iodine and contrast media containing covalently bound iodine.

  • There is a clear correlation between the exactness of the diagnosis – from the alleged "iodine allergy" to “contrast media allergy” to naming the exact culprit CM – and the quality of documentation of the symptoms.

  • Management of patients diagnosed with “iodine allergy” was associated with uncertainty leading to unenhanced scans and sometimes unnecessary prophylactic actions.

  • The term “iodine allergy” should be omitted, because it is potentially dangerous and can decrease the quality of radiology exams.

Citation Format

  • Böhm Ingrid, Nairz Knud, Morelli John N et al. Iodinated Contrast Media and the Alleged “Iodine Allergy”: An Inexact Diagnosis Leading to Inferior Radiologic Management and Adverse Drug Reactions. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2017; 189: 326 – 332

Zusammenfassung

Ziel Ziel dieser Studie war die Überprüfung der Hypothese, dass die ungenaue Diagnose „Jodallergie“ für Patienten unter radiologischen Routinebedingungen möglicherweise gefährlich ist.

Material und Methode 300 Patienten mit einer anamnestischen sogenannten „Jodallergie“ wurden retrospektiv im Sinn einer Fall-Kontroll-Studie (Gruppenvergleich mit Übereinstimmung von Alter, Geschlecht und radiologischer Untersuchung) analysiert. Es gab 2 Kontrollgruppen mit der Diagnose „Kontrastmittelallergie“, und zwar ohne und mit bekanntem Auslöser. In allen Gruppen wurden die klinischen Symptome der letzten unerwünschten Arzneimittelreaktion (UAW) auf jodiertes Kontrastmittel (JKM), die prophylaktischen Maßnahmen vor einer JKM-Gabe sowie mögliche UAWs nach erfolgter JKM-Prophylaxe erfasst und analysiert.

Ergebnisse Die Diagnose „Jodallergie“ war bei 84,3 % Patienten nicht spezifiziert. In dieser Gruppe waren bei den meisten Fällen die Symptome vormals durchgemachter UAWs nicht dokumentiert. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die klinischen Symptome in den anderen beiden Gruppen in den meisten Fällen vorhanden. Der höchste Prozentsatz nativer CTs fand sich in der Gruppe der „Jodallergiker“ (36,7 % vs. 28,7 %/18,6 %). UAWs nach prophylaktischen Maßnahmen gab es ausschließlich in der Gruppe mit der „Jodallergie“(OR 9,24; 95 %CI 1,16 – 73,45; p < 0,04).

Schlussfolgerungen Die Daten bestätigen die Hypothese, dass die Diagnose „Jodallergie“ zur Unsicherheit im Rahmen des klinischen prophylaktischen Managements führt und sogar mit einem potentiellen Risiko für KM-Reaktionen verbunden ist. Folglich sollte der Ausdruck „Jodallergie“ durch exakte Begriffe wie JKM-Allergie oder, besser, durch Nennung des jeweiligen Auslösers ersetzt werden.

Kernaussagen

  • Der Begriff „Jodallergie“ ist ungenau, weil er Allergien gegen unterschiedliche Substanzklassen, wie Desinfektionsmittel mit komplexiertem Jod und Kontrastmittel mit kovalent-gebundenem Jod, beinhaltet.

  • Es findet sich eine eindeutige Korrelation zwischen der Genauigkeit der Diagnose – von der sogenannten „Jodallergie“ zur „Kontrastmittelallergie“ und zur exakten Bezeichnung des auslösenden Kontrastmittels – und der Qualität der Dokumentation der Symptome.

  • Das Patientenmanagement bei der Diagnose „Jodallergie“ war mit einer Unsicherheit verbunden. Dies führte dazu, dass native Bildgebung sowie in einigen Fällen unnötige prophylaktische Maßnahmen ergriffen wurden.

  • Der Begriff „Jodallergie“ sollte vermieden werden, weil er potentiell gefährlich ist und möglicherweise die Qualität radiologischer Untersuchungen negativ beeinflussen kann.

 
  • References

  • 1 Berrington De Gonzalez A. Mahesh M. Kim KP. et al. Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 2071-2077
  • 2 Katzberg RW. "Acute reactions to urographic contrast medium: incidence, clinical characteristics, and relationship to history of hypersensitivity states"--a commentary. Am J Roentgenol 2008; 190: 1431-1432
  • 3 Schild HH. Kuhl CK. Hubner-Steiner U. et al. Adverse events after unenhanced and monomeric and dimeric contrast-enhanced CT: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Radiology 2006; 240: 56-64
  • 4 Katayama H. Yamaguchi K. Kozuka T. et al. Adverse reactions to ionic and nonionic contrast media. A report from the Japanese Committee on the Safety of Contrast Media. Radiology 1990; 175: 621-628
  • 5 Rawlins MTW. Mechanisms of adverse drug reactions. In: DD. (ed) Textbook of adverse drug reaction. New York: Oxford University Press; 1991: 18-45
  • 6 Pradubpongsa P. Dhana N. Jongjarearnprasert K. et al. Adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media: prevalence, risk factors and outcome-the results of a 3-year period. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2013; 31: 299-306
  • 7 Dewachter P. Mouton-Faivre C. Allergy to iodinated drugs and to foods rich in iodine: Iodine is not the allergenic determinant. Presse Med 2015; 44: 1136-1145 pii: S0755-4982(0715)00125-00126
  • 8 Böhm I. Heverhagen JT. Klose KJ. Classification of acute and delayed contrast media-induced reactions: proposal of a three-step system. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2012; 7: 537-541
  • 9 Naranjo CA. Shear NH. Lanctôt KL. Advances in the diagnosis of adverse drug reactions. J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 32: 897-904
  • 10 Brouse SD. Phillips SM. Amiodarone use in patients with documented allergy to iodine-containing compounds. Pharmacotherapy 2005; 25: 429-434
  • 11 Westermann-Clark E. Pepper AN. Talreja N. et al. Debunking myths about "allergy" to radiocontrast media in an academic institution. Postgrad Med 2015; 127: 295-300
  • 12 Beaty AD. Lieberman PL. Slavin RG. Seafood allergy and radiocontrast media: are physicians propagating a myth?. Am J Med 2008; 121: 158 e151-158 e154
  • 13 Dewachter P. Tréchot P. Mouton-Faivre C. “Iodine allergy”: point of view. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2005; 24: 40-52
  • 14 Greenfield MF. Shellfish-iodine nexus is a myth. J Fam Pract 2010; 59: 314
  • 15 Lovenstein SBR. Dweck E. Intravenous contrast and iodine allergy myth. Skinmed 2014; 12: 207-208
  • 16 Baig M. Farag A. Sajid J. et al. Shellfish allergy and relation to iodinated contrast media: United Kingdom survey. World J Cardiol 2014; 6: 107-111
  • 17 Lakshmanadoss U. Lindsley J. Glick D. et al. Incidence of amiodarone hypersensitivity in patients with previous allergy to iodine or iodinated contrast agents. Pharmacotherapy 2012; 32: 618-622
  • 18 Lachapelle JM. A comparison of the irritant and allergenic properties of antiseptics. Eur J Dermatol 2014; 24: 3-9
  • 19 Gray PE. Katelaris CH. Lipson D. Recurrent anaphylaxis caused by topical povidone-iodine (Betadine). J Paediatr Child Health 2013; 49: 506-507
  • 20 Moneret-Vautrin DA. Mata E. Gerard H. et al. Probable allergy to polyvidon, responsible for a reaction to iodinated contrast medium: a case of asthma after hysterosalpingography. Allerg Immunol (Paris) 1989; 21: 198-199
  • 21 Coakley FV. Panicek DM. Iodine allergy: an oyster without a pearl?. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 951-952
  • 22 Tramer MR. von Elm E. Loubeyre P. et al. Pharmacological prevention of serious anaphylactic reactions due to iodinated contrast media: systematic review. BMJ 2006; 333: 675
  • 23 Nakamura T. Ogo T. Tsuji A. et al. Successful balloon pulmonary angioplasty with gadolinium contrast media for a patient with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and iodine allergy. Respir Med Case Rep 2016; 17: 75-82
  • 24 Kusuyama T. Iida H. Mitsui H. Intravascular ultrasound complements the diagnostic capability of carbon dioxide digital subtraction angiography for patients with allergies to iodinated contrast medium. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 80: E82-E86
  • 25 Lawrence C. Cotton PB. Gadolinium as an alternative contrast agent for therapeutic ERCP in the iodine-allergic patient. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 564-567
  • 26 Safriel Y. Ali M. Hayt M. et al. Gadolinium use in spine procedures for patients with allergy to iodinated contrast--experience of 127 procedures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27: 1194-1197
  • 27 Hasdenteufel F. Luyasu S. Renaudin JM. et al. Anaphylactic shock after first exposure to gadoterate meglumine: two case reports documented by positive allergy assessment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 527-528
  • 28 Abe S. Fukuda H. Tobe K. et al. Protective effect against repeat adverse reactions to iodinated contrast medium: Premedication vs. changing the contrast medium. Eur Radiol 2016; 26: 2148-2154
  • 29 Seymour CW. Pryor JP. Gupta R. et al. Anaphylactoid reaction to oral contrast for computed tomography. J Trauma 2004; 57: 1105-1107