Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Ann Natl Acad Med Sci 2022; 58(02): 100-105
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743137
Original Article

Spatial Epidemiology of COPD in Delhi, India

Arun Kumar Sharma
1   National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
,
Rakesh Kumar
2   National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
,
Narinder Kumar Saini
3   Ex-Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
,
Chirashree Ghosh
4   Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
,
Sagnik Dey
5   Center for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
,
Palak Balyan
6   Health Effects Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
› Author Affiliations Funding This study was funded by the HRD-Scheme of the Department of Health Research for Start-Up grant, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma are the most common chronic respiratory illnesses. COPD is one of the three most common causes of death worldwide. The main burden of mortality from COPD is seen in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, India, China, and South-East Asia. Absence of true prevalence values and mortality burden hinder planning and operationalization of public health interventions for prevention, control, and treatment of the disease. Further, the aggregated value of prevalence estimates calculated for a whole city or a larger geographical area does not provide the location of patients and presence of locally prevalent risk factors. The objective of this study was to understand the spatial distribution of COPD in a large, highly polluted city of a developing country.

Materials and Methods A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD). All surveyed households were geocoded. GOLD screening criteria and pulmonary function tests using portable digital spirometer were used for diagnosis of COPD.

Results Results are presented as a series of maps depicting spatial epidemiology. Overall prevalence rate was 9.8/1,000 population. Highest prevalence was seen in industrial area. Most of the spatial hotspots were seen in industrial and slum areas. Similarly, Kernel density was also highest in industrial area.

Conclusion In the city of NCTD, we found the COPD being distributed in all types of habitations but spatial distribution helped us understand clustering of cases and compare prevalence rates in subunits of residential clusters within a metropolitan city.

Keywords

COPD - spatial distribution - spatial hotspots


Publication History

Article published online:
09 March 2022

© 2022. National Academy of Medical Sciences (India). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K. et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380 (9859): 2095-2128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 GBD 2015 Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Respir Med 2017; 5 (09) 691-706
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392 (10159): 1859-1922
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Halpin DMG, Celli BR, Criner GJ. et al. The GOLD Summit on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2019; 23 (11) 1131-1141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Foreman KJ, Marquez N, Dolgert A. et al. Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016-40 for 195 countries and territories. Lancet 2018; 392 (10159): 2052-2090
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CRD Collaborators. The burden of chronic respiratory diseases and their heterogeneity across the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2016. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6 (12) e1363-e1374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Bhome AB. COPD in India: Iceberg or volcano?. J Thorac Dis 2012; 4 (03) 298-309
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Sharma AK, Kalra OP, Saini NK, Kelkar H. Pilot study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an industrial town in India. J Health Pollut 2019; 9 (21) 190304
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, Wiklund I, Chen WH, Kline Leidy N. Development and first validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J 2009; 34 (03) 648-654
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar