Lesiones del plexo braquial en adultos: Una revisión narrativa de la literatura

La patología traumática del plexo braquial comprende un amplio espectro de lesiones potencialmente devastadoras para la funcionalidad de los pacientes. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión narrativa de la literatura enfocada en el diagnóstico y estudio de las lesiones del plexo braquial en adultos, además de entregar nociones básicas sobre el manejo de esta compleja patología.

Nivel de evidencia: Nivel V.

Palabras Clave

extremidades superiores - injertos nerviosos - microcirugía - plexo braquial - transferencias nerviosas

Volltext

Referenzen

Referencias
1 Kaiser R, Waldauf P, Ullas G, Krajcová A. Epidemiology, etiology, and types of severe adult brachial plexus injuries requiring surgical repair: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev 2020; 43 (02) 443-452
2 Narakas AO. The surgical treatment of traumatic brachial plexus lesions. Int Surg 1980; 65 (06) 521-527
3 Chan JP, Clune J, Shah SB. et al. Examination of the human motor endplate after brachial plexus injury with two-photon microscopy. Muscle Nerve 2020; 61 (03) 390-395
4 Seddon HJ. Three types of nerve injury. Brain 1943; 66 (04) 237-288
5 Sulaiman W, Gordon T. Neurobiology of peripheral nerve injury, regeneration, and functional recovery: from bench top research to bedside application. Ochsner J 2013; 13 (01) 100-108
6 Pondaag W, Malessy MJA, van Dijk JG, Thomeer RTWM. Natural history of obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004; 46 (02) 138-144
7 Kaiser R, Mencl L, Haninec P. Injuries associated with serious brachial plexus involvement in polytrauma among patients requiring surgical repair. Injury 2014; 45 (01) 223-226
8 Rhee PC, Pirola E, Hébert-Blouin MN. et al. Concomitant traumatic spinal cord and brachial plexus injuries in adult patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93 (24) 2271-2277
9 Noland SS, Bishop AT, Spinner RJ, Shin AY. Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2019; 27 (19) 705-716
10 Giuffre JL, Kakar S, Bishop AT, Spinner RJ, Shin AY. Current concepts of the treatment of adult brachial plexus injuries. J Hand Surg Am 2010; 35 (04) 678-688 , quiz 688
11 Leigheb M, Tricca S, Percivale I. et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Adult Post-Ganglionic Brachial Plexus Traumatic Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2021; 11 (02) 1-11
12 Acharya AM, Cherian BS, Bhat AK. Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for traumatic adult brachial plexus injury: A comparison study with surgical findings. J Orthop 2019; 17: 53-58
13 Wade RG, Takwoingi Y, Wormald JCR. et al. MRI for detecting root avulsions in traumatic adult brachial plexus injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. Radiology 2019; 293 (01) 125-133
14 O'Shea K, Feinberg JH, Wolfe SW. Imaging and electrodiagnostic work-up of acute adult brachial plexus injuries. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011; 36 (09) 747-759
15 Tse R, Nixon JN, Iyer RS, Kuhlman-Wood KA, Ishak GE. The diagnostic value of CT myelography, MR myelography, and both in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 35 (07) 1425-1432
16 Suguitan A, Purnomo G, Sales C, Alagar D. The Role of CT and MR Myelography in Diagnosing Nerve Root Avulsion in Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries: A Meta-analysis. Int Res J Med Sci 2019; 1 (03) 62-70
17 Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Siqueira MG, Kurimori CO. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of imaging studies for diagnosing root avulsions in post-traumatic upper brachial plexus traction injuries in adults. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020; 162 (12) 3189-3196
18 Doi K, Otsuka K, Okamoto Y, Fujii H, Hattori Y, Baliarsing AS. Cervical nerve root avulsion in brachial plexus injuries: magnetic resonance imaging classification and comparison with myelography and computerized tomography myelography. J Neurosurg 2002; 96 (3, Suppl) 277-284
19 Gad DM, Hussein MT, Omar NNM, Kotb MM, Abdel-Tawab M, Yousef HAZ. Role of MRI in the diagnosis of adult traumatic and obstetric brachial plexus injury compared to intraoperative findings. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med 2020; 51 (01) 1-7
20 Torres C, Mailley K, Del Carpio O'donovan R. MRI of the Brachial Plexus: Modified Imaging Technique Leading to a Better Characterization of Its Anatomy and Pathology. 2013
21 Lim SH, Lee JS, Kim YH, Kim TW, Kwon KM. Spontaneous recovery of non-operated traumatic brachial plexus injury. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2018; 44 (03) 443-449
22 Hill JR, Lanier ST, Brogan DM, Dy CJ. Management of Adult Brachial Plexus Injuries. J Hand Surg Am 2021; 46 (09) 778-788
23 Birch R. Timing of surgical reconstruction for closed traumatic injury to the supraclavicular brachial plexus. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2015; 40 (06) 562-567
24 Hardcastle N, Texakalidis P, Nagarajan P, Tora MS, Boulis NM. Recovery of shoulder abduction in traumatic brachial plexus palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of nerve transfer versus nerve graft. Neurosurg Rev 2020; 43 (03) 951-956
25 Terzis JK, Vekris MD, Soucacos PN. Outcomes of brachial plexus reconstruction in 204 patients with devastating paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 104 (05) 1221-1240
26 Gkiatas I, Papadopoulos D, Korompilias A, Vekris M, Beris A, Kostas-Agnantis I. Traumatic upper plexus palsy: Is the exploration of brachial plexus necessary?. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2019; 29 (02) 255-262
27 Hoang D, Chen VW, Seruya M. Recovery of elbow flexion after nerve reconstruction versus free functional muscle transfer for late, traumatic brachial plexus palsy: A systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 141 (04) 949-959
28 Garg R, Merrell GA, Hillstrom HJ, Wolfe SW. Comparison of nerve transfers and nerve grafting for traumatic upper plexus palsy: a systematic review and analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93 (09) 819-829
29 Texakalidis P, Hardcastle N, Tora MS, Boulis NM. Functional restoration of elbow flexion in nonobstetric brachial plexus injuries: A meta-analysis of nerve transfers versus grafts. Microsurgery 2020; 40 (02) 261-267
30 Ayhan E, Soldado F, Fontecha CG, Bertelli JA, Leblebicioglu G. Elbow flexion reconstruction with nerve transfer or grafting in patients with brachial plexus injuries: A systematic review and comparison study. Microsurgery 2020; 40 (01) 79-86
31 Teboul F, Kakkar R, Ameur N, Beaulieu JY, Oberlin C. Transfer of fascicles from the ulnar nerve to the nerve to the biceps in the treatment of upper brachial plexus palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86 (07) 1485-1490
32 Witoonchart K, Leechavengvongs S, Uerpairojkit C, Thuvasethakul P, Wongnopsuwan V. Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the nerve to the long head of the triceps, part I: an anatomic feasibility study. J Hand Surg Am 2003; 28 (04) 628-632
33 Gillis JA, Khouri JS, Kircher MF, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Outcomes of elbow flexion reconstruction in patients older than 50 with traumatic brachial plexus injury. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 143 (01) 151-158
34 Wells ME, Gonzalez GA, Childs BR, Williams MR, Nesti LJ, Dunn JC. Radial to Axillary Nerve Transfer Outcomes in Shoulder Abduction: A Systematic Review. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2020; 8 (09) e3096
35 Souza FHM, Bernardino SN, Junior ABC. et al. Nerves transfers for functional hand recovery in traumatic lower brachial plexopathy. Surg Neurol Int 2020; 11: 358
36 Xu B, Dong Z, Zhang CG, Gu YD. Multiple nerve and tendon transfers: a new strategy for restoring hand function in a patient with C7-T1 brachial plexus avulsions. J Neurosurg 2017; 127 (04) 837-842
37 Rezzadeh K, Donnelly M, Vieira D, Daar D, Shah A, Hacquebord J. The extent of brachial plexus injury: an important factor in spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer outcomes. Br J Neurosurg 2020; 34 (05) 591-594
38 Lanier ST, Hill JR, James AS, Rolf L, Brogan DM, Dy CJ. Approach to the Pan-brachial Plexus Injury: Variation in Surgical Strategies among Surgeons. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2020; 8 (11) e3267