Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · South Asian J Cancer 2023; 12(02): 159-165
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750186
Original Article
Head and Neck Cancer

Significance of Fluorescent Spectroscopy in Screening Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer by Characterization of Salivary DNA Using Ethidium Bromide—A Comparative Study

Sadaksharam Jayachnadran
1   Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
2   Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
,
Aruna Prakasarao
3   Department of Medical Physics, College of Engineering Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
,
Sangeetha Ramamoorthy
4   Department of Dental Surgery, Government Hospital, Valangaiman, Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India
,
Yuvaraj Manoharan 
3   Department of Medical Physics, College of Engineering Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
5   Department of Biochemistry, SRM Arts and Science College, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Zoom Image
Sangeetha Ramamoorthy

Background Optical diagnosis is one of the upcoming methods in screening and diagnosing oral cancer at the earlier stage. Currently, DNA-based diagnosis is used along with light-based imaging methods to diagnose oral cancer rapidly.

Aim The aim of this study was to discriminate oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders from normal patient with fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of salivary DNA using ethidium bromide dye.

Materials and Methods A total of 40 patients with average age of 20 to 60 years in both the genders were selected and divided into three groups. Group A included clinically proven cases of oral cancer, group B1 included clinically diagnosed cases of leukoplakia, group B2 included clinically diagnosed cases of oral submucous fibrosis, and group C included controls. Salivary DNA fluorescence spectrum obtained after adding ethidium bromide was analyzed using FluoroLog spectrophotometer at 480 nm wavelength.

Results The discriminant analysis of fluorescent emission of salivary DNA shows predictive accuracy of 90% between group C and group A, 95% between group C and group B1, and 65% observed between group C and group B2.

Conclusion From this study, screening of oral cancer can be done at the earliest with the help of fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of salivary DNA. This method can be done rapidly and noninvasively.

Keywords

oral cancer - salivary DNA - fluorescence spectroscopy - ethidium bromide


Publication History

Article published online:
22 August 2022

© 2022. MedIntel Services Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2009; 45 (4-5): 309-316
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 IARC. 1 354 051 855 nternational Agency for Research on Cancer. 468, 2018–2019
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Warnakulasuriya S. Clinical features and presentation of oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 125 (06) 582-590
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Jaychandran S, Meenapriya PK, Ganesan S. Raman spectroscopic analysis of blood, urine, saliva and tissue of oral potentially malignant disorders and malignancy-a diagnostic study. Int J Oral Craniofac Sci 2016; 2: 11-14
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Kaur J, Jacobs R, Huang Y, Salvo N, Politis C. Salivary biomarkers for oral cancer and pre-cancer screening: a review. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22 (02) 633-640
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Wilder-Smith p, Holtzman J, Epstein J, Le A. Optical diagnostics in the oral cavity: an overview. Oral Dis 2010; 16 (08) 717-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Pradhan A, Pandey PK, Singh P. Overview of Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Imaging for Early Cancer Detection. Neurophotonics and Biomedical Spectroscopy. Elsevier Ltd; 2019. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48067-3.00012-3
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Rekha P, Aruna PR, Ganesan S. Study on discrimination of oral cancer from normal using blood plasma based on fluorescence steady and excited state at excitation wavelength 280 nm. InOptical Biopsy XIV: Toward Real-Time Spectroscopic Imaging and Diagnosis 2016 Mar 7 (Vol. 9703, pp. 216–219). SPIE
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Francisco ALN, Correr WR, Azevedo LH. et al. Fluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of potentially malignant disorders and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2014; 11 (02) 82-90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Madhuri S. et al. Native Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Blood Plasma in the Characterization of Oral Malignancy 2003; 78: 197-204
  • 11 Udayakumar K, Yuvaraj M, Awad F. et al. Native fluorescence and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of normal and malignant oral tissues under UV excitation - an in vitro study. J Fluoresc 2014; 24 (02) 613-623
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Pappu Raja. et al. Correlation of metabolites in saliva and in vivo tissue of oral cancer patients based on fluorescence spectral deconvolution. InOptical Biopsy XVIII: Toward Real-Time Spectroscopic Imaging and Diagnosis 2020 Feb 21 (Vol. 11234, p. 112341D). International Society for Optics and Photonics
    Google Scholar
  • 13 El-Naggar AK, Mao L, Staerkel G. et al. Genetic heterogeneity in saliva from patients with oral squamous carcinomas: implications in molecular diagnosis and screening. J Mol Diagn 2001; 3 (04) 164-170
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Matthews AM, Kaur H, Dodd M. et al. Saliva collection methods for DNA biomarker analysis in oral cancer patients. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 51 (05) 394-398
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Jiang, Wei-Wen. et al. Increased mitochondrial DNA content in saliva associated with head and neck cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 11.7 2005; 2486-2491
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Yuvaraj M, Aruna P, Koteeswaran D, Tamilkumar P, Ganesan S. Rapid fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of salivary DNA of normal subjects and OSCC patients using ethidium bromide. J Fluoresc 2015; 25 (01) 79-85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Burket. ORAL Medicine - Diagnosis and Treatment. 11th edition. BC Decker Inc; Hamilton 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Amin MB, Greene FL. et al. The Eighth Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more “personalized” approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin 2017; Mar; 67 (02) 93-99
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 van der Waal I, Schepman KP, van der Meij EH. A modified classification and staging system for oral leukoplakia. Oral Oncol 2000; 36 (03) 264-266
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Haider SM, Merchant AT, Fikree FF, Rahbar MH. Clinical and functional staging of oral submucous fibrosis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 38 (01) 12-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Khan MSR. et al. Diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma using salivary biomarkers. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Med. Univ. J. 2018; 11: 1
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Shree KH, Ramani P, Sherlin H. et al. S. R. Saliva as a diagnostic tool in oral squamous cell carcinoma – a systematic review with meta-analysis. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 15 (25) 447-453
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Markopoulos AK, Michailidou EZ, Tzimagiorgis G. Salivary markers for oral cancer detection. Open Dent J 2010; 4: 172-178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Vedeswari CP, Jayachandran S, Ganesan S. In vivo autofluorescence characteristics of pre- and post-treated oral submucous fibrosis: a pilot study. Indian J Dent Res 2009; 20 (03) 261-267
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Millar DP. Fluorescence studies of DNA and RNA structure and dynamics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1996; 6 (03) 322-326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Gallagher SR, Desjardins PR. Quantitation of DNA and RNA with absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Curr Protoc Protein Sci 2008; 3 (Appendix): 4K DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.psa04ks52.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Olmsted III J, Kearns DR. Mechanism of ethidium bromide fluorescence enhancement on binding to nucleic acids. Biochemistry 1977; 16 (16) 3647-3654
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar