Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00054595.xml
Download PDF
CC BY 4.0 · Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2022; 80(09): 953-969
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755320
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755320
Brazilian Academy of Neurology
Consensus of the Brazilian Headache Society (SBCe) for prophylactic treatment of episodic migraine: part II
Consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaleia (SBCe) para o tratamento profilático da migrânea episódica: parte II
Abstract
Background Migraine affects 1 billion people worldwide and > 30 million Brazilians; besides, it is an underdiagnosed and undertreated disorder.
Objective The need to disseminate knowledge about the prophylactic treatment of migraine is known, so the Brazilian Headache Society (SBCe, in the Portuguese acronym) appointed a committee of authors with the objective of establishing a consensus with recommendations on the prophylactic treatment of episodic migraine based on articles from the world literature as well as from personal experience.
Methods Meetings were held entirely online, with the participation of 12 groups that reviewed and wrote about the pharmacological categories of drugs and, at the end, met to read and finish the document. The drug classes studied in part II of this Consensus were: antihypertensives, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, other drugs, and rational polytherapy.
Results From this list of drugs, only candesartan has been established as effective in controlling episodic migraine. Flunarizine, venlafaxine, duloxetine, and pizotifen were defined as likely to be effective, while lisinopril, enalapril, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, quetiapine, atorvastatin, simvastatin, cyproheptadine, and melatonin were possibly effective in prophylaxis of the disease.
Conclusions Despite an effort by the scientific community to find really effective drugs in the treatment of migraine, given the large number of drugs tested for this purpose, we still have few therapeutic options.
Resumo
Antecedentes Migrânea afeta um bilhão de pessoas em todo o mundo e mais de 30 milhões de brasileiros; além disso, é um distúrbio subdiagnosticado e subtratado.
Objetivo Sabe-se sobre a necessidade de difundir o conhecimento sobre o tratamento profilático da migrânea; por isso, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaleias (SBCe) nomeou um comitê de autores com o objetivo de estabelecer um consenso com recomendações sobre o tratamento profilático da migrânea episódica com base em artigos da literatura mundial, assim como da experiência pessoal.
Métodos As reuniões foram realizadas inteiramente online, com a participação de 12 grupos que revisaram e escreveram sobre as categorias farmacológicas dos medicamentos e, ao final, reuniram-se para a leitura e conclusão do documento. As classes de medicamentos estudadas na parte II deste Consenso foram: anti-hipertensivos, inibidores seletivos de recaptação de serotonina, inibidores de recaptação de serotonina e noradrenalina, bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio, outros medicamentos e politerapia racional.
Resultados Desta lista de medicamentos, apenas o candesartan foi estabelecido como eficaz no controle da migrânea episódica. Flunarizina, venlafaxina, duloxetina e pizotifeno foram definidos como provavelmente eficazes, enquanto lisinopril, enalapril, escitalopram, fluvoxamina, quetiapina, atorvastatina, sinvastatina, ciproheptadina e melatonina foram possivelmente eficazes na profilaxia da doença.
Conclusões Apesar do esforço da comunidade científica em encontrar medicamentos realmente eficazes no tratamento da migrânea, dado o grande número de medicamentos testados para este fim, ainda dispomos de poucas opções terapêuticas.
Authors' Contributions
PSFS: Discussion, group coordinator, writing, reviewing, conceptualization; EMM, PAK: discussion, group coordinator, writing, reviewing, conceptualization, editing, data collection; AOK, ATNMC, CAPR, EMS, GOMT, IF, LCC, LMB, MFPP, PMP, RPSN, HCC: writing, reviewing, discussion, conceptualization; EJP, JJFC: writing, reviewing, editing, group coordinator, discussion; JAS, LPQ, MNPS: writing, reviewing, editing, discussion; JAJM, JBAS, MENMC: writing, reviewing, discussion; JGS: writing; MRCFF, MEJ, PFMF, YDF: writing, reviewing; Rocha-Filho P. F. M.: conceptualization, data collection, writing, reviewing, editing.
Publication History
Received: 11 December 2021
Accepted: 09 April 2022
Article published online:
18 October 2022
© 2022. Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil
-
References
- 1 Ripa P, Ornello R, Pistoia F, Carolei A, Sacco S. The renin-angiotensin system: a possible contributor to migraine pathogenesis and prophylaxis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14 (09) 1043-1055
- 2 Halker RB, Starling AJ, Vargas BB, Schwedt TJ. ACE and ARB Agents in the Prophylactic Therapy of Migraine-How Effective Are They?. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2016; 18 (04) 15
- 3 Tronvik E, Stovner LJ, Bovim G. et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism in migraine patients. BMC Neurol 2008; 8: 4
- 4 Dorosch T, Ganzer CA, Lin M, Seifan A. Efficacy of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in the Preventative Treatment of Episodic Migraine in Adults. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019; 23 (11) 85
- 5 Schrader H, Stovner LJ, Helde G, Sand T, Bovim G. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril): randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. BMJ 2001; 322 (7277): 19-22
- 6 Sonbolestan SA, Heshmat K, Javanmard SH, Saadatnia M. Efficacy of Enalapril in Migraine Prophylaxis: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Int J Prev Med 2013; 4 (01) 72-77
- 7 Paterna S, di Pasquale P, Martino S. et al. [Captopril versus placebo in the prevention of hemicrania without aura. A randomized double-blind study]. Clin Ter 1992; 141 (12) 475-481
- 8 Tronvik E, Stovner LJ, Helde G, Sand T, Bovim G. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with an angiotensin II receptor blocker: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289 (01) 65-69
- 9 Stovner LJ, Linde M, Gravdahl GB. et al. A comparative study of candesartan versus propranolol for migraine prophylaxis: A randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, double cross-over study. Cephalalgia 2014; 34 (07) 523-532
- 10 Diener HC, Gendolla A, Feuersenger A. et al. Telmisartan in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Cephalalgia 2009; 29 (09) 921-927
- 11 Rao N. The clinical pharmacokinetics of escitalopram. Clin Pharmacokinet 2007; 46 (04) 281-290
- 12 Lucas RA. The human pharmacology of fluoxetine. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992; 16 (Suppl 4): S49-S54
- 13 DeVane CL. Pharmacokinetics of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53 (Suppl): 13-20
- 14 Pastoor D, Gobburu J. Clinical pharmacology review of escitalopram for the treatment of depression. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10 (01) 121-128
- 15 Lexapro FDA. (escitalopram oxalate) Tablets/Oral Solution NDA 21–323/NDA 21–365. Accessed in April 4 th 2020 at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/021323s032,021365s023lbl.pdf
- 16 Rampello L, Alvano A, Chiechio S. et al. Evaluation of the prophylactic efficacy of amitriptyline and citalopram, alone or in combination, in patients with comorbidity of depression, migraine, and tension-type headache. Neuropsychobiology 2004; 50 (04) 322-328
- 17 Adly C, Straumanis J, Chesson A. Fluoxetine prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 1992; 32 (02) 101-104
- 18 Saper JR, Silberstein SD, Lake III AE, Winters ME. Double-blind trial of fluoxetine: chronic daily headache and migraine. Headache 1994; 34 (09) 497-502
- 19 Steiner TJ, Ahmed F, Findley LJ, MacGregor EA, Wilkinson M. S-fluoxetine in the prophylaxis of migraine: a phase II double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 1998; 18 (05) 283-286
- 20 d'Amato CC, Pizza V, Marmolo T, Giordano E, Alfano V, Nasta A. Fluoxetine for migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind trial. Headache 1999; 39 (10) 716-719
- 21 Tomkins GE, Jackson JL, O'Malley PG, Balden E, Santoro JE. Treatment of chronic headache with antidepressants: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2001; 111 (01) 54-63
- 22
Burch R.
Antidepressants for Preventive Treatment of Migraine. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2019;
Mar 21; 21 (04) 18
MissingFormLabel
- 23 Landy S, McGinnis J, Curlin D, Laizure SC. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1999; 39 (01) 28-32
- 24 Bánk J. A comparative study of amitriptyline and fluvoxamine in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1994; 34 (08) 476-478
- 25 Wellington K, Perry CM. Venlafaxine extended-release: a review of its use in the management of major depression. CNS Drugs 2001; 15 (08) 643-669
- 26
Ozyalcin SN,
Talu GK,
Kiziltan E,
Yucel B,
Ertas M,
Disci R.
The efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 2005;
45 (02) 144-152
MissingFormLabel
- 27 Bulut S, Berilgen MS, Baran A, Tekatas A, Atmaca M, Mungen B. Venlafaxine versus amitriptyline in the prophylactic treatment of migraine: randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2004; 107 (01) 44-48
- 28 Wang F, Wang J, Cao Y, Xu Z. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for the prevention of migraine and vestibular migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020; 45 (05) 323-330
- 29 Pergolizzi Jr JV, Raffa RB, Taylor Jr R, Rodriguez G, Nalamachu S, Langley P. A review of duloxetine 60 mg once-daily dosing for the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic musculoskeletal pain due to chronic osteoarthritis pain and low back pain. Pain Pract 2013; 13 (03) 239-252
- 30 Young WB, Bradley KC, Anjum MW, Gebeline-Myers C. Duloxetine prophylaxis for episodic migraine in persons without depression: a prospective study. Headache 2013; 53 (09) 1430-1437
- 31 Kisler LB, Weissman-Fogel I, Coghill RC, Sprecher E, Yarnitsky D, Granovsky Y. Individualization of migraine prevention: a randomized controlled trial of psychophysical-based prediction of duloxetine efficacy. Clin J Pain 2019; 35 (09) 753-765
- 32 Louis P. A double-blind placebo-controlled prophylactic study of flunarizine (Sibelium) in migraine. Headache 1981; 21 (06) 235-239
- 33 Diamond S, Schenbaum H. Flunarizine, a calcium channel blocker, in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Headache 1983; 23 (01) 39-42
- 34 Gelmers HJ. Nimodipine, a new calcium antagonist, in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Headache 1983; 23 (03) 106-109
- 35 Amery WK. Flunarizine, a calcium channel blocker: a new prophylactic drug in migraine. Headache 1983; 23 (02) 70-74
- 36 Meyer JS, Hardenberg J. Clinical effectiveness of calcium entry blockers in prophylactic treatment of migraine and cluster headaches. Headache 1983; 23 (06) 266-277
- 37 Meyer JS, Dowell R, Mathew N, Hardenberg J. Clinical and hemodynamic effects during treatment of vascular headaches with verapamil. Headache 1984; 24 (06) 313-321
- 38 Micieli G, Sances G, Pacchetti C, Trucco M, Magri M, Piazza D. Flunarizine: a wide spectrum prophylactic for migraine headache. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1984; 4 (03) 239-245
- 39 Markley HG, Cheronis JC, Piepho RW. Verapamil in prophylactic therapy of migraine. Neurology 1984; 34 (07) 973-976
- 40 Solomon GD. Verapamil in migraine prophylaxis–a five-year review. Headache 1989; 29 (07) 425-427
- 41 Gabai IJ, Spierings ELH. Prophylactic treatment of cluster headache with verapamil. Headache 1989; 29 (03) 167-168
- 42 Greenberg DA. Calcium channel antagonists and the treatment of migraine. Clin Neuropharmacol 1986; 9 (04) 311-328
- 43 Olesen J. Calcium antagonists in migraine and vertigo. Possible mechanisms of action and review of clinical trials. Eur Neurol 1990; 30 (Suppl. 02) 31-34 , discussion 39–41
- 44 Rau JC, Dodick DW. Other Preventive Anti-Migraine Treatments: ACE Inhibitors, ARBs, Calcium Channel Blockers, Serotonin Antagonists, and NMDA Receptor Antagonists. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2019; 21 (04) 17
- 45 Peroutka SJ. The pharmacology of calcium channel antagonists: a novel class of anti-migraine agents?. Headache 1983; 23 (06) 278-283
- 46 Peroutka SJ, Banghart SB, Allen GS. Relative potency and selectivity of calcium antagonists used in the treatment of migraine. Headache 1984; 24 (02) 55-58
- 47 Markley HG. Verapamil and migraine prophylaxis: mechanisms and efficacy. Am J Med 1991; 90 (5A): 48S-53S
- 48 Ye Q, Wang Q, Yan LY. et al. Flunarizine inhibits sensory neuron excitability by blocking voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ currents in trigeminal ganglion neurons. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011; 124 (17) 2649-2655
- 49 Ye Q, Yan LY, Xue LJ. et al. Flunarizine blocks voltage-gated Na(+) and Ca(2+) currents in cultured rat cortical neurons: A possible locus of action in the prevention of migraine. Neurosci Lett 2011; 487 (03) 394-399
- 50 Li F, Qiu E, Dong Z, Liu R, Wu S, Yu S. Protection of flunarizine on cerebral mitochondria injury induced by cortical spreading depression under hypoxic conditions. J Headache Pain 2011; 12 (01) 47-53
- 51 Ambrosio C, Stefanini E. Interaction of flunarizine with dopamine D2 and D1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 197 (2-3): 221-223
- 52 Mentenopoulos G, Manafi T, Logothetis J, Bostantzopoulou S. Flunarizine in the prevention of classical migraine: a placebo-controlled evaluation. Cephalalgia 1985; 5 (Suppl. 02) 135-140
- 53 Sørensen PS, Hansen K, Olesen J. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial of flunarizine in common migraine. Cephalalgia 1986; 6 (01) 7-14
- 54 Paterna S, Martino SG, Campisi D, Cascio Ingurgio N, Marsala BA. [Evaluation of the effects of verapamil, flunarizine, diltiazem, nimodipine and placebo in the prevention of hemicrania. A double-blind randomized cross-over study]. Clin Ter 1990; 134 (02) 119-125
- 55 Thomas M, Behari M, Ahuja GK. Flunarizine in migraine prophylaxis: an Indian trial. Headache 1991; 31 (09) 613-615
- 56 al Deeb SM, Biary N, Bahou Y, al Jaberi M, Khoja W. Flunarizine in migraine: a double-blind placebo-controlled study (in a Saudi population). Headache 1992; 32 (09) 461-462
- 57 Diamond S, Freitag FG. A double blind trial of flunarizine in migraine prophylaxis. Headache Quart Curr Treatment Res 1993; 4: 169-172
- 58 Gray RN, Goslin RE, McCrory DC, Eberlein K, Tulsky J, Hasselblad V. AHRQ Technical Reviews. Drug treatments for the prevention of migraine headache. Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (US); 1999
- 59 Reveiz-Herault L, Cardona AF, Ospina EG, Carrillo P. [Effectiveness of flunarizine in the prophylaxis of migraine: a meta-analytical review of the literature]. Rev Neurol 2003; 36 (10) 907-912
- 60 Jackson JL, Cogbill E, Santana-Davila R. et al. A comparative effectiveness meta-analysis of drugs for the prophylaxis of migraine headache. PLoS One 2015; 10 (07) e0130733
- 61 Diener HC, Matias-Guiu J, Hartung E. et al. Efficacy and tolerability in migraine prophylaxis of flunarizine in reduced doses: a comparison with propranolol 160 mg daily. Cephalalgia 2002; 22 (03) 209-221
- 62 Luo N, Di W, Zhang A. et al. A randomized, one-year clinical trial comparing the efficacy of topiramate, flunarizine, and a combination of flunarizine and topiramate in migraine prophylaxis. Pain Med 2012; 13 (01) 80-86
- 63 Lai KL, Niddam DM, Fuh JL. et al. Flunarizine versus topiramate for chronic migraine prophylaxis: a randomized trial. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 135 (04) 476-483
- 64 Sørensen PS, Larsen BH, Rasmussen MJ. et al. Flunarizine versus metoprolol in migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind, randomized parallel group study of efficacy and tolerability. Headache 1991; 31 (10) 650-657
- 65 Lamsudin R, Sadjimin T. Comparison of the efficacy between flunarizine and nifedipine in the prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 1993; 33 (06) 335-338
- 66 Mitsikostas DD, Polychronidis I. Valproate versus flunarizine in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, double-open, clinical trial. Funct Neurol 1997; 12 (05) 267-276
- 67 McArthur JC, Marek K, Pestronk A, McArthur J, Peroutka SJ. Nifedipine in the prophylaxis of classic migraine: a crossover, double-masked, placebo-controlled study of headache frequency and side effects. Neurology 1989; 39 (2 Pt 1): 284-286
- 68 Shukla R, Garg RK, Nag D, Ahuja RC. Nifedipine in migraine and tension headache: a randomised double blind crossover study. J Assoc Physicians India 1995; 43 (11) 770-772
- 69 Albers GW, Simon LT, Hamik A, Peroutka SJ. Nifedipine versus propranolol for the initial prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 1989; 29 (04) 215-218
- 70 Solomon GD, Steel JG, Spaccavento LJ. Verapamil prophylaxis of migraine. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. JAMA 1983; 250 (18) 2500-2502
- 71 Brunton LL, Da Fonseca AL, Langeloh A. As bases farmacológicas da terapêutica de Goodman e Gilman. MCGRAW HILL - ARTMED. 2018 https://books.google.com.br/books?id=tmrBvwEACAAJ
- 72 Ryan RE. BC-105 a new preparation for the interval treatment of migraine–a double blind evaluation compared with a placebo. Headache 1971; 11 (01) 6-18
- 73 Rao BS, Das DG, Taraknath VR, Sarma Y. A double blind controlled study of propranolol and cyproheptadine in migraine prophylaxis. Neurol India 2000; 48 (03) 223-226
- 74 Carroll JD, Maclay WP. Pizotifen (BC 105) in migraine prophylaxis. Curr Med Res Opin 1975; 3 (02) 68-71
- 75 Osterman PO. A comparison between placebo, pizotifen and 1-isopropyl-3-hydroxy-5-semicarbazono-6-oxo-2.3.5.6-tetrahydroindol (Divascan) in migraine prophylaxis. Acta Neurol Scand 1977; 56 (01) 17-28
- 76 Kangasniemi P. Placebo, 1-isopropylnoradrenochrome-5-monosemicarbazono and pizotifen in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1979; 19 (04) 219-222
- 77 Louis P, Spierings EL. Comparison of flunarizine (Sibelium) and pizotifen (Sandomigran) in migraine treatment: a double-blind study. Cephalalgia 1982; 2 (04) 197-203
- 78 Cerbo R, Casacchia M, Formisano R, Buzzi MG, Boni B, Feliciani M, Grillo G, Cusimano G, Agnoli A. Double-blind clinical study: flunarizine versus pizotifen in a single nightly dose in hemicrania patients. [Article in Italian]. Riv Neurol 1985; Mar-Apr; 55 (02) 139-146
- 79 Cerbo R, Casacchia M, Formisano R. et al. Flunarizine-pizotifen single-dose double-blind cross-over trial in migraine prophylaxis. Cephalalgia 1986; 6 (01) 15-18
- 80 Rascol A, Montastruc JL, Rascol O. Flunarizine versus pizotifen: a double-blind study in the prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 1986; 26 (02) 83-85
- 81 Vilming S, Standnes B, Hedman C. Metoprolol and pizotifen in the prophylactic treatment of classical and common migraine. A double-blind investigation. Cephalalgia 1985; 5 (01) 17-23
- 82 Behan PO, Connelly K. Prophylaxis of migraine: a comparison between naproxen sodium and pizotifen. Headache 1986; 26 (05) 237-239
- 83 Havanka-Kanniainen H, Hokkanen E, Myllylä VV. Efficacy of nimodipine in comparison with pizotifen in the prophylaxis of migraine. Cephalalgia 1987; 7 (01) 7-13
- 84 Israil A, Ahmed S, Rahman KM. et al. Efficacy of amitriptyline, pizotifen and propranolol in the prevention of migraine. Mymensingh Med J 2013; 22 (01) 93-100
- 85 Mastrosimone F, Iaccarino C, de Caterina G. Efficacy and tolerance of cyclandelate versus pizotifen in the prophylaxis of migraine. J Med 1992; 23 (01) 1-16
- 86 Capildeo R, Rose FC. Single-dose pizotifen, 1.5 mg nocte: a new approach in the prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 1982; 22 (06) 272-275
- 87 Cleland PG, Barnes D, Elrington GM, Loizou LA, Rawes GD. Studies to assess if pizotifen prophylaxis improves migraine beyond the benefit offered by acute sumatriptan therapy alone. Eur Neurol 1997; 38 (01) 31-38
- 88 Wörz R, Drillisch C. [Migraine prevention by a calcium channel blocker. Results of a double-blind study of flunarizine vs. pizotifen]. MMW Munch Med Wochenschr 1983; 125 (32-33): 711-714
- 89 Vogler B, Rapoport AM, Tepper SJ, Sheftell F, Bigal ME. Role of melatonin in the pathophysiology of migraine: implications for treatment. CNS Drugs 2006; 20 (05) 343-350
- 90 Singh M, Jadhav HR. Melatonin: functions and ligands. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19 (09) 1410-1418
- 91
Gonçalves AL,
Martini Ferreira A,
Ribeiro RT,
Zukerman E,
Cipolla-Neto J,
Peres MF.
Randomised clinical trial comparing melatonin 3 mg, amitriptyline 25 mg and placebo
for migraine prevention. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87 (10) 1127-1132
MissingFormLabel
- 92 Bredfeldt RC, Sutherland JE, Kruse JE. Efficacy of transdermal clonidine for headache prophylaxis and reduction of narcotic use in migraine patients. A randomized crossover trial. J Fam Pract 1989; 29 (02) 153-156 , discussion 157–158
- 93 Sills M, Congdon P, Forsythe I. Clonidine and childhood migraine: a pilot and double-blind study. Dev Med Child Neurol 1982; 24 (06) 837-841
- 94 Fairbanks CA, Stone LS, Kitto KF, Nguyen HO, Posthumus IJ, Wilcox GL. alpha(2C)-Adrenergic receptors mediate spinal analgesia and adrenergic-opioid synergy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300 (01) 282-290
- 95 Shafar J, Tallett ER, Knowlson PA. Evaluation of clonidine in prophylaxis of migraine. Double-blind trial and follow-up. Lancet 1972; 1 (7747): 403-407
- 96 Ryan Sr RE, Diamond S, Ryan Jr RE. Double blind study of clonidine and placebo for the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Headache 1975; 15 (03) 202-210
- 97 Sillanpää M. Clonidine prophylaxis of childhood migraine and other vascular headache. A double blind study of 57 children. Headache 1977; 17 (01) 28-31
- 98 Stensrud P, Sjaastad O. Clonidine (Catapresan)-double-blind study after long-term treatment with the drug in migraine. Acta Neurol Scand 1976; 53 (03) 233-236
- 99 Kallanranta T, Hakkarainen H, Hokkanen E, Tuovinen T. Clonidine in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1977; 17 (04) 169-172
- 100 Mondrup K, Moller CE. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with clonidine. A controlled clinical trial. Acta Neurol Scand 1977; 56 (05) 405-412
- 101 Adam EI, Gore SM, Price WH. Double blind trial of clonidine in the treatment of migraine in a general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 1978; 28 (195) 587-590
- 102 Boisen E, Deth S, Hübbe P, Jansen J, Klee A, Leunbach G. Clonidine in the prophylaxis of migraine. Acta Neurol Scand 1978; 58 (05) 288-295
- 103 Das SM, Ahuja GK, Narainaswamy AS. Clonidine in prophylaxis of migraine. Acta Neurol Scand 1979; 60 (04) 214-217
- 104 Kåss B, Nestvold K. Propranolol (Inderal) and clonidine (Catapressan) in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. A comparative trial. Acta Neurol Scand 1980; 61 (06) 351-356
- 105 Louis P, Schoenen J, Hedman C. Metoprolol v. clonidine in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 1985; 5 (03) 159-165
- 106 Mascia A, Afra J, Schoenen J. Dopamine and migraine: a review of pharmacological, biochemical, neurophysiological, and therapeutic data. Cephalalgia 1998; 18 (04) 174-182
- 107 Krymchantowski AV, Jevoux C. Quetiapine for the prevention of migraine refractory to the combination of atenolol + nortriptyline + flunarizine: an open pilot study. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008; 66 (3B): 615-618
- 108 Brandes JL, Roberson SC, Pearlman SH, Abu-Shakra S. Quetiapine for migraine prophylaxis. 44th anual scientific meeting. American Headache Society 2002; Abstract S101. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.2002.t01–1-04250.x
- 109 LaPorta LD. Relief from migraine headache with aripiprazole treatment. Headache 2007; 47 (06) 922-926
- 110 Boeker T. Ziprasidone and migraine headache. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159 (08) 1435-1436
- 111
Nilsson B,
Back V,
Wei R,
Plane F,
Jurasz P,
Bungard TJ.
Potential antimigraine effects of warfarin: An exploration of biological mechanism
with survey of patients. TH Open 2019; 3 (02) e180-e189
MissingFormLabel
- 112 Maggioni F, Bruno M, Mainardi F, Lisotto C, Zanchin G. Migraine responsive to warfarin: an update on anticoagulant possible role in migraine prophylaxis. Neurol Sci 2012; 33 (06) 1447-1449
- 113 Narasimhan P. Letter: Decreased sensitivity to oral anticoagulant therapy after attacks of migraine. Lancet 1974; 2 (7889): 1143
- 114 Suresh CG, Neal D, Coupe MO. Warfarin treatment and migraine. Postgrad Med J 1994; 70 (819) 37-38
- 115 Fragoso YD. Reduction of migraine attacks during the use of warfarin. Headache 1997; 37 (10) 667-668
- 116 Ferrarini G, Malferrari G, Zucco R, Gaddi O, Norina M, Pini LA. High prevalence of patent foramen ovale in migraine with aura. J Headache Pain 2005; 6 (02) 71-76
- 117 Russo A, Santi S, Gueraldi D, De Paola M, Zani F, Pini LA. An unusual case report on the possible role of Warfarin in migraine prophylaxis. Springerplus 2013; 2 (01) 48
- 118 Maggioni F, Zanchin G, Mainardi F. Warfarin prophylaxis in migraine without aura but not in primary exercise headache. Acta Neurol Belg 2016; 116 (02) 215-216
- 119 Nilsson BG, Bungard TJ. A case of migraine with aura resolving on warfarin but not on apixaban. Headache 2017; 57 (10) 1614-1617
- 120 Beh SC. A case of vestibular migraine resolving on Warfarin and topiramate. Headache 2018; 58 (04) 599-600
- 121 Mohanty S, Mohanty P, Rutledge JN. et al. Effect of catheter ablation and periprocedural anticoagulation regimen on the clinical course of migraine in atrial fibrillation patients with or without pre-existent migraine: results from a prospective study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015; 8 (02) 279-287
- 122 Selmaj K, de Belleroche J, Das I, Rose FC. Leukotriene B4 generation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes: possible involvement in the pathogenesis of headache. Headache 1986; 26 (09) 460-464
- 123 Gazzaniga PP, Ferroni P, Lenti L. et al. Identification of blood leukotrienes in classical migraine. Headache 1987; 27 (04) 211-215
- 124 LaMancusa R, Pulcinelli FM, Ferroni P. et al. Blood leukotrienes in headache: correlation with platelet activity. Headache 1991; 31 (06) 409-414
- 125 Riccioni G, Bucciarelli T, Mancini B, Di Ilio C, D'Orazio N. Antileukotriene drugs: clinical application, effectiveness and safety. Curr Med Chem 2007; 14 (18) 1966-1977
- 126 Brandes JL, Visser WH, Farmer MV. et al; Protocol 125 study group. Montelukast for migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Headache 2004; 44 (06) 581-586
- 127 Freitag FG, Diamond S, Diamond ML, Urban G. Preventive treatment of migraine headache with rofecoxib and montelukast. In: Proceedings of 10th Congress of the International Headache Society, 2001 Jun 29 to Jul 3, Nova York, USA. Cephalalgia. 2001; 21(4):375–376. P2–118. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.00022.x
- 128 de Souza Carvalho D, Fragoso YD, Coelho FM, Pereira MM. Asthma plus migraine in childhood and adolescence: prophylactic benefits with leukotriene receptor antagonist. Headache 2002; 42 (10) 1044-1047
- 129 Sheftell D, Rapoport AM, Walker B, Gamerman I, Weeks R, Baskin S. Leukotriene (LK) antagonists in the prophylaxis of migraine: a potential role for a new class of agents. ASH Meeting. 1999; 39:381. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.1999.39.5.344
- 130 Sheftell F, Rapoport A, Weeks R, Walker B, Gammerman I, Baskin S. Montelukast in the prophylaxis of migraine: a potential role for leukotriene modifiers. Headache 2000; 40 (02) 158-163
- 131 Pearlman EM, Fisher S. Preventive treatment for childhood and adolescent headache: role of once daily montelukast sodium. In: Proceedings of 10th Congress of the International Headache Society, 2001 Jun 29 to Jul 3, Nova York, USA. Cephalalgia. 2001; 21(4):461. P3–O18. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468–2982.2001.00028.x
- 132 Souza Carvalho DS, Fragoso YD, Coelho FM, Pereira MM. Asthma + migraine in childhood and adolescence: prophylactic benefits with leukotriene receptor antanogist. In: Proceedings of 10th Congress of the International Headache Society, 2001 Jun 29 to Jul 3, Nova York, USA. Cephalalgia. 2001; 21(4):375–76. P2–117. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468–2982.2001.00022.x
- 133 Liao JK, Laufs U. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 45: 89-118
- 134 Larose E, Ganz P. Statins and endothelial dysfunction. Semin Vasc Med 2004; 4 (04) 333-346
- 135 Couch JR, Hassanein RS. Platelet aggregability in migraine. Neurology 1977; 27 (09) 843-848
- 136 Yetkin E, Turhan H. Is it worthwhile to test statin in migraine?. Headache 2007; 47 (03) 448-450
- 137 Yin Z, Fang Y, Ren L. et al. Atorvastatin attenuates NF-kappaB activation in trigeminal nucleus caudalis in a rat model of migraine. Neurosci Lett 2009; 465 (01) 61-65
- 138 Hesami O, Sistanizad M, Asadollahzade E, Johari MS, Beladi-Moghadam N, Mazhabdar-Ghashghai H. Comparing the effects of atorvastatin with sodium valproate (Divalproex) on frequência and intensity of frequent migraine headaches: A double-blind randomized controlled study. Clin Neuropharmacol 2018; 41 (03) 94-97
- 139 Medeiros FL, Medeiros PL, Valença MM, Dodick D. Simvastatin for migraine prevention. Headache 2007; 47 (06) 855-856
- 140 Buettner C, Nir RR, Bertisch SM. et al. Simvastatin and vitamin D for migraine prevention: A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Neurol 2015; 78 (06) 970-981
- 141 D'Amico D. Controversies in migraine: monotherapy. Neurol Sci 2012; 33 (Suppl. 01) S141-S145
- 142 Prusiński A. Monotherapy or polytherapy in migraine. Neuroepidemiology 1987; 6 (04) 186-189
- 143 Casucci G, Villani V, Cologno D, D'Onofrio F. Polytherapy for migraine prophylaxis. Neurol Sci 2012; 33 (Suppl 1): S147-S150
- 144 Evans RW, Pascual J, Láinez MJ, Leira R. Bending the rule of monotherapy for migraine prevention?. Headache 2005; 45 (06) 748-750
- 145 Krymchantowski AV, Bigal ME. Polytherapy in the preventive and acute treatment of migraine: fundamentals for changing the approach. Expert Rev Neurother 2006; 6 (03) 283-289
- 146 Bordini CA, Arruda MA, Ciciarelli MC, Speciali JG. Propranolol vs flunarizine vs flunarizine plus propranolol in migraine without aura prophylaxis. A double-blind trial. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1997; 55 (3B): 536-541
- 147 Pascual J, Leira R, Láinez JM. Combined therapy for migraine prevention? Clinical experience with a beta-blocker plus sodium valproate in 52 resistant migraine patients. Cephalalgia 2003; 23 (10) 961-962
- 148 Keskinbora K, Aydinli I. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of topiramate and amitriptyline either alone or in combination for the prevention of migraine. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008; 110 (10) 979-984
- 149 Domingues RB, Silva AL, Domingues SA, Aquino CC, Kuster GW. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of low doses of propranolol, nortriptyline, and the combination of propranolol and nortriptyline for the preventive treatment of migraine. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2009; 67 (04) 973-977
- 150 Krymchantowski AV, da Cunha Jevoux C, Bigal ME. Topiramate plus nortriptyline in the preventive treatment of migraine: a controlled study for nonresponders. J Headache Pain 2012; 13 (01) 53-59