CC BY 4.0 · Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2022; 80(08): 845-861
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1756441
Brazilian Academy of Neurology

Consensus of the Brazilian Headache Society (SBCe) for the Prophylactic Treatment of Episodic Migraine: part I

Consenso da Sociedadade Brasileira de Cefaleia (SBCe) para o tratamento profilático da migrânea episódica: parte I
Eliana Meire Melhado 
2   Centro Universitário Padre Albino, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, Catanduva SP, Brazil.
,
Paulo Sergio Faro Santos 
1   Instituto de Neurologia de Curitiba, Departamento de Neurologia, Setor de Cefaleia e Dor Orofacial, Curitiba PR, Brazil.
,
Alexandre Ottoni Kaup 
3   Houston Headache Clinic, Houston TX, United States.
4   Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
5   Universidade de Santo Amaro, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
,
Aline Turbino Neves Martins da Costa 
6   Hospital Santa Marcelina, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
,
Célia Aparecida de Paula Roesler 
7   Q2 Centro Médico de Neurologia, Depto de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
,
Élcio Juliato Piovesan 
8   Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Neurologia, Curitiba PR, Brazil.
,
Elder Machado Sarmento 
9   Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
,
Giselle Oliveira Martins Theotonio 
10   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Pesquisas, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
,
Henrique Carneiro de Campos 
11   Clínica Neurológica, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
,
Ida Fortini 
12   Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
,
Jano Alves de Souza 
13   Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Disciplina de Neurologia, Niterói RJ, Brazil.
,
Jayme Antunes Maciel Júnior 
14   Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Neurologia, Campinas SP, Brazil.
,
João Batista Alves Segundo 
15   Centro Integrado de Saúde Lineu Araújo, Ambulatório de Neurologia, Teresina PI, Brazil.
,
João José Freitas de Carvalho 
16   Unichristus, Curso de Medicina, Disciplina de Neurologia, Fortaleza CE, Brazil.
17   Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Serviço de Neurologia, Núcleo de Cefaleias, Fortaleza CE, Brazil.
,
José Geraldo Speziali 
18   Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Neurologia, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil.
,
Leandro Cortoni Calia 
19   Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
,
Liselotte Menke Barea 
20   Fundação Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Disciplina de Neurologia, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil.
,
Luiz Paulo Queiroz 
21   Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Hospital Universitário, Serviço de Neurologia, Florianópolis SC, Brazil.
,
Marcio Nattan Portes Souza 
22   Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Depto de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
,
Marcos Ravi Cerqueira Ferreira Figueiredo 
23   Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Serviço de Neurologia, Niterói RJ, Brazil.
,
Maria Eduarda Nobre de Magalhães Costa 
9   Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
24   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
,
Mário Fernando Prieto Peres 
25   Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
,
Mauro Eduardo Jurno 
26   Fundação José Bonifácio Lafayette de Andrada, Faculdade de Medicina de Barbacena, Barbacena MG, Brazil.
27   Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Hospital Regional de Barbacena Dr. José Américo, Barbacena MG, Brazil.
,
Patrícia Machado Peixoto 
28   Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasília DF, Brazil.
,
Pedro André Kowacs 
29   Instituto de Neurologia de Curitiba, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba PR, Brazil.
30   Universidade Federal do Paraná, Complexo Hospital de Clínicas, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba PR, Brazil.
,
Pedro Augusto Sampaio Rocha-Filho 
31   Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências Médicas, Área de Neuropsquiatria, Recife PE, Brazil.
32   Universidade de Pernambuco, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Ambulatório de Cefaleias, Recife PR, Brazil.
,
Pedro Ferreira Moreira Filho 
33   Universidade Federal Fluminense, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Niterói RJ, Brazil.
,
Raimundo Pereira Silva-Neto 
34   Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil.
35   Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém PA, Brazil.
,
Yara Dadalti Fragoso 
36   Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos SP, Brazil.
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The Brazilian Headache Society (Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaleia, SBCe, in Portuguese) nominated a Committee of Authors with the aim of establishing a consensus with recommendations regarding prophylactic treatment for episodic migraine based on articles published in the worldwide literature, as well as personal experience. Migraine affects 1 billion people around the world and more than 30 million Brazilians. In addition, it is an underdiagnosed and undertreated disorder. It is well known within the medical community of neurologists, and especially among headache specialists, that there is a need to disseminate knowledge about prophylactic treatment for migraine. For this purpose, together with the need for drug updates and to expand knowledge of the disease itself (frequency, intensity, duration, impact and perhaps the progression of migraine), this Consensus was developed, following a full online methodology, by 12 groups who reviewed and wrote about the pharmacological categories of the drugs used and, at the end of the process, met to read and establish conclusions for this document. The drug classes studied were: anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, monoclonal anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (anti-CGRP) antibodies, beta-blockers, antihypertensives, calcium channel inhibitors, other antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs, and dual-action antidepressants), other drugs, and polytherapy. Hormonal treatment and anti-inflammatories and triptans in minimum prophylaxis schemes (miniprophylaxis) will be covered in a specific chapter. The drug classes studied for part I of the Consensus were: anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, monoclonal anti-CGRP antibodies, and beta-blockers.

Resumo

A Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaleia (SBCe) nomeou um Comitê de Autores com o objetivo de estabelecer um consenso com recomendações sobre o tratamento profilático da enxaqueca episódica com base em artigos da literatura mundial e da experiência pessoal. A enxaqueca é um distúrbio subdiagnosticado e subtratado que acomete um bilhão de pessoas no mundo e mais de 30 milhões de brasileiros. É conhecido na comunidade médica de neurologistas e, sobretudo, dos especialistas em cefaleia, a necessidade de se divulgar o conhecimento sobre o tratamento profilático da enxaqueca. Com esta finalidade, aliada às necessidades de atualizações de drogas e de se aumentar o conhecimento sobre a doença em si (frequência, intensidade, duração, impacto e talvez a progressão da enxaqueca), foi elaborado este Consenso, com metodologia totalmente on-line, por 12 grupos que revisaram e escreveram sobre as categorias farmacológicas das drogas e, ao final, reuniram-se para a leitura e conclusão do documento. As classes de drogas estudadas para este Consenso foram: anticonvulsivantes, antidepressivos tricíclicos, anticorpos monoclonais do antipeptídeo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina (peptídeo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina — anti-CGRP), betabloqueadores, anti-hipertensivos, inibidores dos canais de cálcio, outros antidepressivos (inibidores seletivos de recaptação de serotonina, ISRSs, e antidepressivos de ação dual), outras drogas, e politerapia. O tratamento hormonal, bem como anti-inflamatórios e triptanas em esquema de profilaxia mínima (miniprofilaxia), será abordado em um capítulo próprio. As classes de drogas estudadas na parte I do Consenso foram: anticonvulsivantes, antidepressivos tricíclicos, anticorpos monoclonais anti-CGRP, e betabloqueadores.

Keywords

Migraine Disorders - Consensus - Preventive Medicine

Palavras-chave

Transtornos de Enxaqueca - Consenso - Medicina Preventiva.

Authors' contributions:

EMM, PAK: discussion, group coordination, writing, review, conceptualization, editing, data collection; PSFS: discussion, group coordination, writing, review, conceptualization; AOK, ATNMC, CAPR, EMS, GOMT, IF, LCC, LMB, MFPP, PMP, PFMF: writing, review, discussion, conceptualization; EJP, JJFC, HCC: writing, review, editing, group coordination, discussion; JAS, LPQ, MNPS: writing, review, editing, discussion; JAMJ, MENMC: writing, review, discussion; JBAS: writing, discussion; JGS: writing; MRCFF, MEJ, YDF: writing, review; PASRF: conceptualization, data collection, writing, review, editing.




Publication History

Received: 11 December 2021

Accepted: 24 May 2022

Article published online:
17 October 2022

© 2022. Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil

 

  • References

  • 1 Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia 2018; 38 (01) 1-211 DOI: 10.1177/0333102417738202. . PMID: 29368949 PubMed
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Kowacs F., Roesler C.A. D. P., Piovesan É.J., Sarmento E.M., Campos H.C. D., Maciel Jr. J.A., Calia L.C., Barea L.M., Ciciarelli M.C., Valença M.M., Costa M.E. N. D. M., Peres M.F. P., Kowacs P.A., Rocha-Filho P.A. S., Silva-Néto R.P. D., Villa T.R., Jurno M.E.. (2019). Consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaleia sobre o tratamento da migrânea crônica [Consensus of the Brazilian Headache Society on the treatment of chronic migraine]. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 77 (07) 509-520 https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20190078
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Silberstein S, Loder E, Diamond S, Reed ML, Bigal ME, Lipton RB. AMPP Advisory Group. Probable migraine in the United States: results of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. Cephalalgia 2007; 27 (03) 220-229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01275.x. . PMID: 17263769
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Queiroz LP, Peres MF, Piovesan EJ. et al. A nationwide population-based study of migraine in Brazil. Cephalalgia 2009; 29 (06) 642-649
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Diamond S, Bigal ME, Silberstein S, Loder E, Reed M, Lipton RB. Patterns of diagnosis and acute and preventive treatment for migraine in the United States: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention study. Headache 2007; 47 (03) 355-363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00631.x. Erratum in: Headache. 2007; 47(9):1365. PMID: 17371352
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-1259. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2. Erratum in: Lancet. 2017 Oct 28;390(10106):e38. PMID: 28919117; PMCID: PMC5605509
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Vos T, Jensen R, Katsarava Z. Migraine is first cause of disability in under 50s: will health politicians now take notice?. J Headache Pain 2018; 19 (01) 17 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0846-2.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Chan KY, Vermeersch S, de Hoon J, Villalón CM, Maassenvandenbrink A. Potential mechanisms of prospective antimigraine drugs: a focus on vascular (side) effects. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 129 (03) 332-351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.12.001. . Epub 2010 Dec 2. PMID: 21130807
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Comitê AD Hoc da Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaléia. Brazilian Headache Society (Filiada à International Headache Society). RECOMENDAÇÕES PARA O TRATAMENTO PROFILÁTICO DA MIGRÂNEA Consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaléia. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2002; 60 (01) 159-169
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Appendix C: AAN Classification of Evidence for the Rating of a Therapeutic Study. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2015;21(4 Headache):1169. Doi: 10.1212/01.CON.0000470920.20859.fe. PMID: 26252602
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Danesh A, Gottschalk PCH. Beta-blockers for migraine prevention: a review article. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2019; 21 (04) 20 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-019-0556-3.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Ramadan NM. Prophylactic migraine therapy: mechanisms and evidence. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2004; 8 (02) 91-95 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-004-0022-z.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Tfelt-Hansen P, Ågesen FN, Pavbro A, Tfelt-Hansen J. Pharmacokinetic Variability of Drugs Used for Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine. CNS Drugs 2017; May; 31 (05) 389-403
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Min JH, Kwon HM, Nam H. The effect of propranolol on cerebrovascular reactivity to visual stimulation in migraine. J Neurol Sci 2011; 305 (1-2): 136-138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.02.020.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Jackson JL, Kuriyama A, Kuwatsuka Y. et al. Beta-blockers for the prevention of headache in adults, a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14 (03) e0212785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212785.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Palferman TG, Gibberd FB, Simmonds JP. Prophylactic propranolol in the treatment of headache. Br J Clin Pract 1983; 37 (01) 28-29
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Ahuja GK, Verma AK. Propranolol in prophylaxis of migraine. Indian J Med Res 1985; 82: 263-265
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Kuritzky A, Hering R. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with long acting propranolol - a comparison with placebo. Cephalalgia 1987; 7 (6, suppl) 457-458 DOI: 10.1177/03331024870070S6203.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E. Evidence-based guideline update: Pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: Table 1. Neurology 2012; 78 (17) 1337-1345
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Jensen R, Brinck T, Olesen J. Sodium valproate has a prophylactic effect in migraine without aura: a triple-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Neurology 1994; 44 (04) 647-651
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Ashtari F, Shaygannejad V, Akbari M. A double-blind, randomized trial of low-dose topiramate vs propranolol in migraine prophylaxis. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 118 (05) 301-305
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Diener HC, Tfelt-Hansen P, Dahlöf C. et al; MIGR-003 Study Group. Topiramate in migraine prophylaxis–results from a placebo-controlled trial with propranolol as an active control. J Neurol 2004; 251 (08) 943-950 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-004-0464-6.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Fumagalli C, Maurizi N, Marchionni N, Fornasari D. β-blockers: Their new life from hypertension to cancer and migraine. Pharmacol Res 2020; 151: 104587 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104587.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Barbanti P, Aurilia C, Egeo G, Fofi L. Migraine prophylaxis: what is new and what we need?. Neurol Sci 2011; 32 (Suppl. 01) S111-S115 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0526-3.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Andersson PG, Dahl S, Hansen JH. et al. Prophylactic treatment of classical and non-classical migraine with metoprolol–a comparison with placebo. Cephalalgia 1983; 3 (04) 207-212 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1983.0304207.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Kangasniemi P, Andersen AR, Andersson PG. et al. Classic migraine: effective prophylaxis with metoprolol. Cephalalgia 1987; 7 (04) 231-238 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1987.0704231.x. . PMID: 3322569
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Steiner TJ, Joseph R, Hedman C, Rose FC. Metoprolol in the prophylaxis of migraine: parallel-groups comparison with placebo and dose-ranging follow-up. Headache 1988; 28 (01) 15-23 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.1988.hed2801015.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Siniatchkin M, Andrasik F, Kropp P. et al. Central mechanisms of controlled-release metoprolol in migraine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 2007; 27 (09) 1024-1032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01377.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Langohr HD, Gerber WD, Koletzki E, Mayer K, Schroth G. Clomipramine and metoprolol in migraine prophylaxis–a double-blind crossover study. Headache 1985; 25 (02) 107-113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1985.hed 2502107.x. . PMID: 3886599
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Kangasniemi P, Hedman C. Metoprolol and propranolol in the prophylactic treatment of classical and common migraine. A double-blind study. Cephalalgia 1984; 4 (02) 91-96
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Stellar S, Ahrens SP, Meibohm AR, Reines SA. Migraine prevention with timolol. A double-blind crossover study. JAMA 1984; 252 (18) 2576-2580
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Tfelt-Hansen P, Standnes B, Kangasneimi P, Hakkarainen H, Olesen J. Timolol vs propranolol vs placebo in common migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind multicenter trial. Acta Neurol Scand 1984; 69 (01) 1-8 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1984.tb07772.x. . PMID: 6367336
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Forssman B, Lindblad CJ, Zbornikova V. Atenolol for migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1983; 23 (04) 188-190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1983.hed2304188.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Johannsson V, Nilsson LR, Widelius T. et al. Atenolol in migraine prophylaxis a double-blind cross-over multicentre study. Headache 1987; 27 (07) 372-374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1987.hed2707372.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Stensrud P, Sjaastad O. Comparative trial of Tenormin (atenolol) and Inderal (propranolol) in migraine. Ups J Med Sci Suppl 1980; 31: 37-40
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Sudilovsky A, Elkind AH, Ryan Sr RE, Saper JR, Stern MA, Meyer JH. Comparative efficacy of nadolol and propranolol in the management of migraine. Headache 1987; 27 (08) 421-426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1987.hed2708421.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Zanchetti A. Clinical pharmacodynamics of nebivolol: new evidence of nitric oxide-mediated vasodilating activity and peculiar haemodynamic properties in hypertensive patients. Blood Press Suppl 2004; 1: 17-32 DOI: 10.1080/08038020410016548.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Pessina AC. Metabolic effects and safety profile of nebivolol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 38 (Suppl. 03) S33-S35 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200112003-00006.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Schellenberg R, Lichtenthal A, Wöhling H, Graf C, Brixius K. Nebivolol and metoprolol for treating migraine: an advance on beta-blocker treatment?. Headache 2008; 48 (01) 118-125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00785.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Ekbom K, Lundberg PO. Clinical trial of LB-46 (d, 1-4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylaminopropoxy)indol. An adrenergic beta-receptor blocking agent in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1972; 12 (01) 15-17 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1972.hed1201015.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Sjaastad O, Stensrud P. Clinical trial of a beta-receptor blocking agent (LB 46) in migraine prophylaxis. Acta Neurol Scand 1972; 48 (01) 124-128 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1600-0404.1972.tb07532.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Perucca E. A pharmacological and clinical review on topiramate, a new antiepileptic drug. Pharmacol Res 1997; 35 (04) 241-256 DOI: 10.1006/phrs.1997.0124.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Silberstein SD, Neto W, Schmitt J, Jacobs D. MIGR-001 Study Group. Topiramate in migraine prevention: results of a large controlled trial. Arch Neurol 2004; 61 (04) 490-495 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.61.4.490.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Brandes JL, Saper JR, Diamond M. et al; MIGR-002 Study Group. Topiramate for migraine prevention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291 (08) 965-973 DOI: 10.1001/jama.291.8.965.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Diamond M, Dahlöf C, Papadopoulos G, Neto W, Wu SC. Topiramate improves health-related quality of life when used to prevent migraine. Headache 2005; 45 (08) 1023-1030
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Simon D, Penry JK. Sodium di-N-propylacetate (DPA) in the treatment of epilepsy. A review. Epilepsia 1975; 16 (04) 549-573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1975.tb04738.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Sørensen KV. Valproate: a new drug in migraine prophylaxis. Acta Neurol Scand 1988; 78 (04) 346-348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1988.tb03667.x. . PMID: 3146862
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Cutrer FM, Limmroth V, Moskowitz MA. Possible mechanisms of valproate in migraine prophylaxis. Cephalalgia 1997; 17 (02) 93-100 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1702093.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, McCrory DC. Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (06) CD010611 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010611.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Hering R, Kuritzky A. Sodium valproate in the prophylactic treatment of migraine: a double-blind study versus placebo. Cephalalgia 1992; 12 (02) 81-84 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1992.1202081.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Mathew NT, Saper JR, Silberstein SD. et al. Migraine prophylaxis with divalproex. Arch Neurol 1995; 52 (03) 281-286 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1995.00540270077022. . PMID: 7872882
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Silberstein SD, Collins SD. Long-term Safety of Depakote in Headache Prophylaxis Study Group. Safety of divalproex sodium in migraine prophylaxis: an open-label, long-term study. Headache 1999; 39 (09) 633-643
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Beattie K, Phadke G, Novakovic J. Lamotrigine. In: Britton HG. ed. Profiles Drug Subst Excip Relat Methodol. 2012. 37. 245-85 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-397220-0.00006-4 . Epub 2012 Mar 19. PMID: 22469320.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Steiner TJ, Findley LJ, Yuen AW. Lamotrigine versus placebo in the prophylaxis of migraine with and without aura. Cephalalgia 1997; 17 (02) 109-112 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1702109.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Gupta P, Singh S, Goyal V, Shukla G, Behari M. Low-dose topiramate versus lamotrigine in migraine prophylaxis (the Lotolamp study). Headache 2007; 47 (03) 402-412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00599.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Lampl C, Buzath A, Klinger D, Neumann K. Lamotrigine in the prophylactic treatment of migraine aura–a pilot study. Cephalalgia 1999; 19 (01) 58-63 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.1999.1901058.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 D'Andrea G, Granella F, Cadaldini M, Manzoni GC. Effectiveness of lamotrigine in the prophylaxis of migraine with aura: an open pilot study. Cephalalgia 1999; 19 (01) 64-66 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.1999.1901064.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Lampl C, Katsarava Z, Diener HC, Limmroth V. Lamotrigine reduces migraine aura and migraine attacks in patients with migraine with aura. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76 (12) 1730-1732 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.063750. . PMID:1629190
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Pascual J, Caminero AB, Mateos V. et al. Preventing disturbing migraine aura with lamotrigine: an open study. Headache 2004; 44 (10) 1024-1028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04198.x. . PMID:15546267
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Chen WT, Fuh JL, Lu SR, Wang SJ. Persistent migrainous visual phenomena might be responsive to lamotrigine. Headache 2001; 41 (08) 823-825 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-4610.2001.01150.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Kumar A, Maini K, Kadian R. Levetiracetam. 2020. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan. PMID: 29763065.
    Google Scholar
  • 62 Patsalos PN. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of levetiracetam. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2003; 25 (02) 123-129 DOI: 10.1358/mf.2003.25.2.723686. . PMID:12731458
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Lyseng-Williamson KA. Levetiracetam: a review of its use in epilepsy. Drugs 2011; 71 (04) 489-514 DOI: 10.2165/11204490-000000000-00000.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 de Tommaso M, Guido M, Sardaro M. et al. Effects of topiramate and levetiracetam vs placebo on habituation of contingent negative variation in migraine patients. Neurosci Lett 2008; 442 (02) 81-85 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.076.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Verma A, Srivastava D, Kumar A, Singh V. Levetiracetam in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized placebo-controlled study in a rural medical institute in northern India. Clin Neuropharmacol 2013; 36 (06) 193-197 DOI: 10.1097/WNF.0000000000000005.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Gallai V, Alberti A, Rossi C, Coppola F, Gallai B, Mazzotta G, Sarchielli P. An open-label pilot study on the efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in the prophylaxis of migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2003; 4 (02) 92-96
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Pizza V, Busillo V, Agresta A, Bisogno A, Capasso A. Elderly Patients with Migraine: An Open-Label Study on Prophylaxis Therapy with Levetiracetam. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 11 (01) 31-34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Brighina F, Palermo A, Aloisio A, Francolini M, Giglia G, Fierro B. Levetiracetam in the prophylaxis of migraine with aura: a 6-month open-label study. Clin Neuropharmacol 2006; 29 (06) 338-342 DOI: 10.1097/01.WNF.0000236766.08409.03. . PMID: 17095897
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Silberstein S, Goode-Sellers S, Twomey C, Saiers J, Ascher J. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial of gabapentin enacarbil for migraine prophylaxis. Cephalalgia 2013; 33 (02) 101-111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Mathew NT, Rapoport A, Saper J, Magnus L, Klapper J, Ramadan N, Stacey B, Tepper S. Efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 2001 Feb;41(2):119–28. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-4610.2001.111006119.x. PMID: 11251695
    Google Scholar
  • 71 Zain S, Khan M, Alam R, Zafar I, Ahmed S. Comparison of efficacy and safety of topiramate with gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis: randomized open label control trial. J Pak Med Assoc 2013; 63 (01) 3-7
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Jiménez-Hernández MD, Torrecillas Nárvaez MD, Friera Acebal G. Eficacia y seguridad de la gabapentina en el tratamiento preventivo de la migraña. [Effectiveness and safety of gabapentin in the preventive treatment of migraine] Rev Neurol 2002; 35 (07) 603-606
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Hesami O, Shams MR, Ayazkhoo L. et al. Comparison of pregabalin and sodium valproate in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized double-blinded study. Iran J Pharm Res 2018; 17 (02) 783-789
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Pizzolato R, Villani V, Prosperini L, Ciuffoli A, Sette G. Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin as preventive treatment for migraine: a 3-month follow-up study. J Headache Pain 2011; 12 (05) 521-525
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Alrashood ST. Carbamazepine. Profiles Drug Subst Excip Relat Methodol 2016; 41: 133-321
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Rompel H, Bauermeister PW. Aetiology of migraine and prevention with carbamazepine (Tegretol): results of a double-blind, cross-over study. S Afr Med J 1970; 44 (04) 75-80
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Mulleners WM, McCrory DC, Linde M. Antiepileptics in migraine prophylaxis: an updated Cochrane review. Cephalalgia 2015; 35 (01) 51-62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Preuss CV, Randhawa G, Wy TJP, Saadabadi A. Oxcarbazepine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. . PMID: 29493938.
    Google Scholar
  • 79 Silberstein S, Saper J, Berenson F, Somogyi M, McCague K, D'Souza J. Oxcarbazepine in migraine headache: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 2008; 70 (07) 548-555
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Wheless JW, Ramsay RE, Collins SD. Vigabatrin. Neurotherapeutics 2007; 4 (01) 163-172
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Ghose K, Niven BE, Berry D. A double-blind crossover comparison of the effects of vigabatrin with placebo in the prevention of migraine headache. J Headache Pain 2002; 3 (02) 79-85 DOI: 10.1007/s101940200022. PubMed
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Griffin III CE, Kaye AM, Bueno FR, Kaye AD. Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system-mediated effects. Ochsner J 2013; 13 (02) 214-223
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Stensrud P, Sjaastad O. Clonazepam (rivotril) in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1979; 19 (06) 333-334
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Maizels M. Clonazepam for refractory headache: three cases illustrative of benefit and risk. Headache 2010; 50 (04) 650-656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01633.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Kadian R, Kumar A. Zonisamide. [Updated 2019 Oct 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020
    Google Scholar
  • 86 Mohammadianinejad SE, Abbasi V, Sajedi SA. et al. Zonisamide versus topiramate in migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Clin Neuropharmacol 2011; 34 (04) 174-177 DOI: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e318225140c. . PMID:21738025
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Assarzadegan F, Tabesh H, Hosseini-Zijoud SM, Beale AD, Shoghli A, Ghafoori YazdiM, Mansouri B, Hesami O, Beladi MoghadamN, Delavar KasmaeiH. Comparing Zonisamide With Sodium Valproate in the Management of Migraine Headaches: Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2016 Apr 30;18(9):e23768. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.23768. PMID: 28144450; PMCID: PMC5253208
    Google Scholar
  • 88 Villani V, Ciuffoli A, Prosperini L, Sette G. Zonisamide for migraine prophylaxis in topiramate-intolerant patients: an observational study. Headache 2011; 51 (02) 287-291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01842.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Drake Jr ME, Greathouse NI, Renner JB, Armentbright AD. Open-label zonisamide for refractory migraine. Clin Neuropharmacol 2004; 27 (06) 278-280 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnf.0000150866.98887.77.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Chung JY, Kim MW, Kim M. Efficacy of zonisamide in migraineurs with nonresponse to topiramate. BioMed Res Int 2014; 2014: 891348 DOI: 10.1155/2014/891348.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Moreno RA, Moreno DH, Soares MB. Psicofarmacologia de antidepressivos. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 1999; 21 (Suppl. 01) 24-40 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44461999000500006
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Burch R. Antidepressants for Preventive Treatment of Migraine. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2019 Mar 21;21(4):18. doi: 10.1007/s11940-019-0557-2. PMID: 30895388
    Google Scholar
  • 93 Couch JR. Amitriptyline Versus Placebo Study Group. Amitriptyline in the prophylactic treatment of migraine and chronic daily headache. Headache 2011; 51 (01) 33-51 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01800.x.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Dodick DW, Freitag F, Banks J. et al; CAPSS-277 Investigator Group. Topiramate versus amitriptyline in migraine prevention: a 26-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group noninferiority trial in adult migraineurs. Clin Ther 2009; 31 (03) 542-559
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Gonçalves AL, Martini Ferreira A, Ribeiro RT, Zukerman E, Cipolla-Neto J, Peres MF. Randomised clinical trial comparing melatonin 3 mg, amitriptyline 25 mg and placebo for migraine prevention. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87 (10) 1127-1132 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313458.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Noone JF. Clomipramine in the prevention of migraine. J Int Med Res 1980; 8 (Suppl. 03) 49-52
    Google Scholar
  • 97 Domingues RB, Silva ALP, Domingues SA, Aquino CCH, Kuster GW. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of low doses of propranolol, nortriptyline, and the combination of propranolol and nortriptyline for the preventive treatment of migraine. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2009; 67 (04) 973-977
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Paemeleire K, Maassen Van Den Brink A. Calcitonin-gene-related peptide pathway mAbs and migraine prevention. Current Opinion in Neurology 2018; 1
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Walter S, Bigal ME. TEV-48125: a Review of a Monoclonal CGRP Antibody in Development for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine. Current Pain and Headache Reports 2015; 19 (03) 6-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-015-0476-1 10.1007/s11916-015-0476-1.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Edvinsson L, Haanes KA, Warfvinge K, Krause DN. CGRP as the target of new migraine therapies - successful translation from bench to clinic. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14 (06) 338-350 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0003-1.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, Hallström Y. et al. A controlled trial of erenumab for episodic migraine. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (22) 2123-2132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Dodick DW, Ashina M, Brandes JL. et al. ARISE: A Phase 3 randomized trial of erenumab for episodic migraine. Cephalalgia 2018; 38 (06) 1026-1037 DOI: 10.1177/0333102418759786.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Stauffer VL, Dodick DW, Zhang Q, Carter JN, Ailani J, Conley RR. Evaluation of galcanezumab for the prevention of episodic migraine: The EVOLVE-1 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2018; 75 (09) 1080-1088
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Skljarevski V, Matharu M, Millen BA, Ossipov MH, Kim BK, Yang JY. Efficacy and safety of galcanezumab for the prevention of episodic migraine: Results of the EVOLVE-2 Phase 3 randomized controlled clinical trial. Cephalalgia 2018; 38 (08) 1442-1454
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, Bigal ME. et al. Effect of fremanezumab compared with placebo for prevention of episodic migraine: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2018; 319 (19) 1999-2008 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.4853.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Ferrari MD, Diener HC, Ning X. et al. Fremanezumab versus placebo for migraine prevention in patients with documented failure to up to four migraine preventive medication classes (FOCUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3b trial. Lancet 2019;394(10203):1030–1040. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31946-4 Erratum in: Lancet. 2019 Oct 29; PMID: 31427046
    Google Scholar
  • 107 Dodick DW, Goadsby PJ, Silberstein SD. et al; ALD403 study investigators. Safety and efficacy of ALD403, an antibody to calcitonin gene-related peptide, for the prevention of frequent episodic migraine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13 (11) 1100-1107 DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70209-1.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Ashina M, Saper J, Cady R. et al. Eptinezumab in episodic migraine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (PROMISE-1). Cephalalgia 2020; 40 (03) 241-254 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420905132.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Dodick DW, Gottschalk C, Cady R, Hirman J, Smith J, Snapinn S. Eptinezumab demonstrated efficacy in sustained prevention of episodic and chronic migraine beginning on day 1 after dosing. Headache 2020; 60 (10) 2220-2231 DOI: 10.1111/head.14007.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar