Download PDF
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2022; 26(06): 670-683
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760121
Review Article

Presurgical Perspective and Postsurgical Evaluation of Non-Achilles Tendons of the Ankle and Retinaculum

Ralph Abou Diwan
1   CHU Lille, Lille, France
,
Sammy Badr
1   CHU Lille, Lille, France
,
Youssef Boulil
1   CHU Lille, Lille, France
,
Xavier Demondion
1   CHU Lille, Lille, France
,
Carlos Maynou
1   CHU Lille, Lille, France
,
Anne Cotten
1   CHU Lille, Lille, France
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The vast majority of non-Achilles ankle tendinopathies are related to overuse. This article discusses the clinical aspect, imaging appearance, and management of tendinopathies of the lateral, medial, and the anterior compartments with a focus on presurgical perspective and postsurgical evaluation.

Keywords

ankle - tendon - retinaculum - magnetic resonance imaging - ultrasonography


Publication History

Article published online:
15 February 2023

© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Wilder RP, Sethi S. Overuse injuries: tendinopathies, stress fractures, compartment syndrome, and shin splints. Clin Sports Med 2004; 23 (01) 55-81 , vi
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Bashir WA, Lewis S, Cullen N, Connell DA. Os peroneum friction syndrome complicated by sesamoid fatigue fracture: a new radiological diagnosis? Case report and literature review. Skeletal Radiol 2009; 38 (02) 181-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Bianchi S, Bortolotto C, Draghi F. Os peroneum imaging: normal appearance and pathological findings. Insights Imaging 2017; 8 (01) 59-68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Muehleman C, Williams J, Bareither ML. A radiologic and histologic study of the os peroneum: prevalence, morphology, and relationship to degenerative joint disease of the foot and ankle in a cadaveric sample. Clin Anat 2009; 22 (06) 747-754
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Lee SJ, Jacobson JA, Kim SM. et al. Ultrasound and MRI of the peroneal tendons and associated pathology. Skeletal Radiol 2013; 42 (09) 1191-1200
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Kumar Y, Alian A, Ahlawat S, Wukich DK, Chhabra A. Peroneal tendon pathology: pre- and post-operative high resolution US and MR imaging. Eur J Radiol 2017; 92: 132-144
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Agha M, Abdelgawad MS, Gamal Aldeen N. Lateral ankle anatomical variants predisposing to peroneal tendon impingement. Alex J Med 2018; 54 (04) 619-626
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Schubert R. MRI of peroneal tendinopathies resulting from trauma or overuse. Br J Radiol 2013; 86 (1021): 20110750
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Saupe N, Mengiardi B, Pfirrmann CWA, Vienne P, Burkhardt S, Zanetti M. Anatomic variants associated with peroneal tendon disorders: MR imaging findings in volunteers with asymptomatic ankles. Radiology 2007; 242 (02) 509-527
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Cheung YY, Rosenberg ZS, Ramsinghani R, Beltran J, Jahss MH. Peroneus quartus muscle: MR imaging features. Radiology 1997; 202 (03) 745-750
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Zanetti M. Founder's lecture of the ISS 2006: borderlands of normal and early pathological findings in MRI of the foot and ankle. Skeletal Radiol 2008; 37 (10) 875-884
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Wang XT, Rosenberg ZS, Mechlin MB, Schweitzer ME. Normal variants and diseases of the peroneal tendons and superior peroneal retinaculum: MR imaging features. Radiographics 2005; 25 (03) 587-602
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Hyer CF, Dawson JM, Philbin TM, Berlet GC, Lee TH. The peroneal tubercle: description, classification, and relevance to peroneus longus tendon pathology. Foot Ankle Int 2005; 26 (11) 947-950
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Cerrato RA, Myerson MS. Peroneal tendon tears, surgical management and its complications. Foot Ankle Clin 2009; 14 (02) 299-312
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Bonnin M, Tavernier T, Bouysset M. Split lesions of the peroneus brevis tendon in chronic ankle laxity. Am J Sports Med 1997; 25 (05) 699-703
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Squires N, Myerson MS, Gamba C. Surgical treatment of peroneal tendon tears. Foot Ankle Clin 2007; 12 (04) 675-695 , vii
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Bianchi S, Delmi M, Molini L. Ultrasound of peroneal tendons. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2010; 14 (03) 292-306
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Taljanovic MS, Alcala JN, Gimber LH, Rieke JD, Chilvers MM, Latt LD. High-resolution US and MR imaging of peroneal tendon injuries. Radiographics 2015; 35 (01) 179-199
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Bencardino JT, Rosenberg ZS, Serrano LF. MR imaging features of diseases of the peroneal tendons. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2001; 9 (03) 493-505 , x
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Taki K, Yamazaki S, Majima T, Ohura H, Minami A. Bilateral stenosing tenosynovitis of the peroneus longus tendon associated with hypertrophied peroneal tubercle in a junior soccer player: a case report. Foot Ankle Int 2007; 28 (01) 129-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Sobel M, Geppert MJ, Olson EJ, Bohne WHO, Arnoczky SP. The dynamics of peroneus brevis tendon splits: a proposed mechanism, technique of diagnosis, and classification of injury. Foot Ankle 1992; 13 (07) 413-422
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Schweitzer ME, Eid ME, Deely D, Wapner K, Hecht P. Using MR imaging to differentiate peroneal splits from other peroneal disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168 (01) 129-133
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Rosenberg ZS, Beltran J, Cheung YY, Colon E, Herraiz F. MR features of longitudinal tears of the peroneus brevis tendon. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168 (01) 141-147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Brigido MK, Fessell DP, Jacobson JA. et al. Radiography and US of os peroneum fractures and associated peroneal tendon injuries: initial experience. Radiology 2005; 237 (01) 235-241
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Demondion X, Canella C, Moraux A, Cohen M, Bry R, Cotten A. Retinacular disorders of the ankle and foot. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2010; 14 (03) 281-291
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Oden RR. Tendon injuries about the ankle resulting from skiing. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1987; (216) 63-69
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Pesquer L, Guillo S, Poussange N, Pele E, Meyer P, Dallaudière B. Dynamic ultrasound of peroneal tendon instability. Br J Radiol 2016; 89 (1063): 20150958
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Raikin SM, Elias I, Nazarian LN. Intrasheath subluxation of the peroneal tendons. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 (05) 992-999
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Thomas JL, Lopez-Ben R, Maddox J. A preliminary report on intra-sheath peroneal tendon subluxation: a prospective review of 7 patients with ultrasound verification. J Foot Ankle Surg 2009; 48 (03) 323-329
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Vega J, Golanó P, Dalmau A, Viladot R. Tendoscopic treatment of intrasheath subluxation of the peroneal tendons. Foot Ankle Int 2011; 32 (12) 1147-1151
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Draghi F, Bortolotto C, Draghi AG, Gitto S. Intrasheath instability of the peroneal tendons: dynamic ultrasound imaging. J Ultrasound Med 2018; 37 (12) 2753-2758
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Subotnick SI. Achilles and peroneal tendon injuries in the athlete. An expert's perspective. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 1997; 14 (03) 447-458
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Grasset W, Mercier N, Chaussard C, Carpentier E, Aldridge S, Saragaglia D. The surgical treatment of peroneal tendinopathy (excluding subluxations): a series of 17 patients. J Foot Ankle Surg 2012; 51 (01) 13-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Oliva F, Del Frate D, Ferran NA, Maffulli N. Peroneal tendons subluxation. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2009; 17 (02) 105-111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Steginsky B, Riley A, Lucas DE, Philbin TM, Berlet GC. Patient-reported outcomes and return to activity after peroneus brevis repair. Foot Ankle Int 2016; 37 (02) 178-185
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Demetracopoulos CA, Vineyard JC, Kiesau CD, Nunley II JA. Long-term results of debridement and primary repair of peroneal tendon tears. Foot Ankle Int 2014; 35 (03) 252-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Roster B, Michelier P, Giza E. Peroneal tendon disorders. Clin Sports Med 2015; 34 (04) 625-641
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Heckman DS, Gluck GS, Parekh SG. Tendon disorders of the foot and ankle, part 1: peroneal tendon disorders. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37 (03) 614-625
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Jesse MK, Hunt KJ, Strickland C. Postoperative imaging of the ankle. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018; 211 (03) 496-505
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Stamatis ED, Karaoglanis GC. Salvage options for peroneal tendon ruptures. Foot Ankle Clin 2014; 19 (01) 87-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Zgonis T, Jolly GP, Polyzois V, Stamatis ED. Peroneal tendon pathology. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2005; 22 (01) 79-85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Brodsky JW, Toppins A. Postsurgical imaging of the peroneal tendons. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2012; 16 (03) 233-240
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Nishikawa DRC, Duarte FA, Saito GH. et al. Reconstruction of the peroneus brevis tendon tears with semitendinosus tendon autograft. Case Rep Orthop 2019; 2019: 5014687
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 O'Shaughnessy KD, Dumanian GA, Lipschutz RD, Miller LA, Stubblefield K, Kuiken TA. Targeted reinnervation to improve prosthesis control in transhumeral amputees. A report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 (02) 393-400
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Micheli LJ, Waters PM, Sanders DP. Sliding fibular graft repair for chronic dislocation of the peroneal tendons. Am J Sports Med 1989; 17 (01) 68-71
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Adachi N, Fukuhara K, Kobayashi T, Nakasa T, Ochi M. Morphologic variations of the fibular malleolar groove with recurrent dislocation of the peroneal tendons. Foot Ankle Int 2009; 30 (06) 540-544
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Roukis TS. Modified Evans peroneus brevis lateral ankle stabilization for balancing varus ankle contracture during total ankle replacement. J Foot Ankle Surg 2013; 52 (06) 789-792
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Yang J, Morscher MA, Weiner DS. Modified Chrisman-Snook repair for the treatment of chronic ankle ligamentous instability in children and adolescents. J Child Orthop 2010; 4 (06) 561-570
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Selmani E, Gjata V, Gjika E. Current concepts review: peroneal tendon disorders. Foot Ankle Int 2006; 27 (03) 221-228
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Philbin TM, Landis GS, Smith B. Peroneal tendon injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2009; 17 (05) 306-317
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Chan VO, Morrison WB, Kavanagh EC. Postoperative infection in the foot and ankle. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2012; 16 (03) 241-253
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Bergin D, Kearns S, Cullen E. Postoperative imaging of the ankle and foot. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2011; 15 (04) 408-424
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Conway AM, Dorner RW, Zuckner J. Regeneration of resected calcaneal tendon of the rabbit. Anat Rec 1967; 158 (01) 43-49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Chun KA, Cho KH. Postoperative ultrasonography of the musculoskeletal system. Ultrasonography 2015; 34 (03) 195-205
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Zanetti M, Saupe N, Espinosa N, Postoperative MR. Postoperative MR imaging of the foot and ankle: tendon repair, ligament repair, and Morton's neuroma resection. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2010; 14 (03) 357-364
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Vega J, Batista JP, Golanó P, Dalmau A, Viladot R. Tendoscopic groove deepening for chronic subluxation of the peroneal tendons. Foot Ankle Int 2013; 34 (06) 832-840
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 McKeon KE, Johnson JE, McCormick JJ, Klein SE, Manske MC. Arterial anatomy of the tibialis posterior tendon. Foot Ankle Int 2015; 36 (04) 436-443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Petersen W, Hohmann G, Stein V, Tillmann B. The blood supply of the posterior tibial tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002; 84 (01) 141-144
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Bloome DM, Marymont JV, Varner KE. Variations on the insertion of the posterior tibialis tendon: a cadaveric study. Foot Ankle Int 2003; 24 (10) 780-783
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Dimmick S, Chhabra A, Grujic L, Linklater JM. Acquired flat foot deformity: postoperative imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2012; 16 (03) 217-232
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Jacoby SM, Slauterbeck JR, Raikin SM. Acute posterior tibial tendon tear in an ice-hockey player: a case report. Foot Ankle Int 2008; 29 (10) 1045-1048
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Fowble VA, Vigorita VJ, Bryk E, Sands AK. Neovascularity in chronic posterior tibial tendon insufficiency. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006; 450 (450) 225-230
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 LiMarzi GM, Scherer KF, Richardson ML. et al. CT and MR imaging of the postoperative ankle and foot. Radiographics 2016; 36 (06) 1828-1848
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Khoury NJ, el-Khoury GY, Saltzman CL, Brandser EA. MR imaging of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167 (03) 675-682
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Ling SKK, Lui TH. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: an overview. Open Orthop J 2017; 11 (01) 714-723
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Bernstein DT, Harris JD, Cosculluela PE, Varner KE. Acute tibialis posterior tendon rupture with pronation-type ankle fractures. Orthopedics 2016; 39 (05) e970-e975
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 West MA, Sangani C, Toh E. Tibialis posterior tendon rupture associated with a closed medial malleolar fracture: a case report and review of the literature. J Foot Ankle Surg 2010; 49 (06) 565.e9-565.e12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Arnoldner MA, Gruber M, Syré S. et al. Imaging of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction—comparison of high-resolution ultrasound and 3T MRI. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84 (09) 1777-1781
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Goucher NR, Coughlin MJ, Kristensen RM. Dislocation of the posterior tibial tendon: a literature review and presentation of two cases. Iowa Orthop J 2006; 26: 122-126
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Gambardella GV, Donegan R, Caminear DS. Isolated dislocation of the posterior tibial tendon in an amateur snowboarder: a case report. J Foot Ankle Surg 2014; 53 (02) 203-207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Padegimas EM, Beck DM, Pedowitz DI. Bilateral posterior tibial tendon and flexor digitorum longus dislocations. Foot Ankle Spec 2017; 10 (02) 162-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Schweitzer ME, Karasick D. MR imaging of disorders of the posterior tibialis tendon. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175 (03) 627-635
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Godino M, Vides M, Guerado E. Traumatic dislocation of posterior tibial tendon by avulsion of flexor retinacular release. Reconstruction with suture anchors [in English, Spanish]. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol 2015; 59 (03) 211-214
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Mengiardi B, Pinto C, Zanetti M. Spring ligament complex and posterior tibial tendon: MR anatomy and findings in acquired adult flatfoot deformity. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2016; 20 (01) 104-115
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Delfaut EM, Demondion X, Bieganski A, Cotten H, Mestdagh H, Cotten A. The fibrocartilaginous sesamoid: a cause of size and signal variation in the normal distal posterior tibial tendon. Eur Radiol 2003; 13 (12) 2642-2649
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Donovan A, Rosenberg ZS, Bencardino JT. et al. Plantar tendons of the foot: MR imaging and US. Radiographics 2013; 33 (07) 2065-2085
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Golano P, Fariñas O, Sáenz I. The anatomy of the navicular and periarticular structures. Foot Ankle Clin 2004; 9 (01) 1-23
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Vaz A, Trippia CR. Small but troublesome: accessory ossicles with clinical significance. Radiol Bras 2018; 51 (04) 248-256
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Choi YS, Lee KT, Kang HS, Kim EK. MR imaging findings of painful type II accessory navicular bone: correlation with surgical and pathologic studies. Korean J Radiol 2004; 5 (04) 274-279
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Johnson KA, Strom DE. Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989; (239) 196-206
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Steginsky B, Vora A. What to do with the spring ligament. Foot Ankle Clin 2017; 22 (03) 515-527
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Bernasconi A, Lintz F, Sadile F. The role of arthroereisis of the subtalar joint for flatfoot in children and adults. EFORT Open Rev 2017; 2 (11) 438-446
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Ozan F, Doğar F, Gençer K. et al. Symptomatic flexible flatfoot in adults: subtalar arthroereisis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11: 1597-1602
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Guyton GP, Jeng C, Krieger LE, Mann RA. Flexor digitorum longus transfer and medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. A middle-term clinical follow-up. Foot Ankle Int 2001; 22 (08) 627-632
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Marsland D, Stephen JM, Calder T, Amis AA, Calder JDF. Flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer to the navicular: tendon-to-tendon repair is stronger compared with interference screw fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28 (01) 320-325
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Backus JD, McCormick JJ. Tendon transfers in the treatment of the adult flatfoot. Foot Ankle Clin 2014; 19 (01) 29-48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Prichasuk S, Sinphurmsukskul O. Kidner procedure for symptomatic accessory navicular and its relation to pes planus. Foot Ankle Int 1995; 16 (08) 500-503
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Fernandes R, Aguiar R, Trudell D, Resnick D. Tendons in the plantar aspect of the foot: MR imaging and anatomic correlation in cadavers. Skeletal Radiol 2007; 36 (02) 115-122
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Rungprai C, Tennant JN, Phisitkul P. Disorders of the flexor hallucis longus and os trigonum. Clin Sports Med 2015; 34 (04) 741-759
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Baan H, Drossaers-Bakkers WK, Dubbeldam R, Buurke JJ, Nene A, van de Laar MA. Flexor hallucis longus tendon rupture in RA-patients is associated with MTP 1 damage and pes planus. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007; 8 (01) 110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Purushothaman R, Karuppal R, Inassi J, Valsalan R. Hallux saltans due to flexor hallucis longus entrapment at a previously unreported site in an unskilled manual laborer: a case report. J Foot Ankle Surg 2012; 51 (03) 334-336
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Lo LD, Schweitzer ME, Fan JK, Wapner KL, Hecht PJ. MR imaging findings of entrapment of the flexor hallucis longus tendon. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176 (05) 1145-1148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Rodriguez D, Devos Bevernage B, Maldague P, Deleu PA, Leemrijse T. Tarsal tunnel syndrome and flexor hallucis longus tendon hypertrophy. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2010; 96 (07) 829-831
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Boruta PM, Beauperthuy GD. Partial tear of the flexor hallucis longus at the knot of Henry: presentation of three cases. Foot Ankle Int 1997; 18 (04) 243-246
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Michelson J, Dunn L. Tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus: a clinical study of the spectrum of presentation and treatment. Foot Ankle Int 2005; 26 (04) 291-303
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Sanhudo JAV. Stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus tendon at the sesamoid area. Foot Ankle Int 2002; 23 (09) 801-803
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Oloff LM, Schulhofer SD. Flexor hallucis longus dysfunction. J Foot Ankle Surg 1998; 37 (02) 101-109
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Heikkilä JT, Mattila K, Alanen J, Orava S. Chronic rupture of flexor hallucis longus tendon in a world class runner. Foot Ankle Surg 2004; 10 (02) 71-74
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Anagnostakos K, Bachelier F, Fürst OA, Kelm J. Rupture of the anterior tibial tendon: three clinical cases, anatomical study, and literature review. Foot Ankle Int 2006; 27 (05) 330-339
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Mengiardi B, Pfirrmann CWA, Vienne P. et al. Anterior tibial tendon abnormalities: MR imaging findings. Radiology 2005; 235 (03) 977-984
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Petersen W, Stein V, Bobka T. Structure of the human tibialis anterior tendon. J Anat 2000; 197 (Pt 4): 617-625
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Ng JM, Rosenberg ZS, Bencardino JT, Restrepo-Velez Z, Ciavarra GA, Adler RS. US and MR imaging of the extensor compartment of the ankle. Radiographics 2013; 33 (07) 2047-2064
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Beischer AD, Beamond BM, Jowett AJ, O'Sullivan R, O'Sullivan R. Distal tendinosis of the tibialis anterior tendon. Foot Ankle Int 2009; 30 (11) 1053-1059
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Gwynne-Jones D, Garneti N, Wyatt M. Closed tibialis anterior tendon rupture. A case series. Foot Ankle Int 2009; 30 (08) 758-762
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 DiDomenico LA, Williams K, Petrolla AF. Spontaneous rupture of the anterior tibial tendon in a diabetic patient: results of operative treatment. J Foot Ankle Surg 2008; 47 (05) 463-467
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Aydingöz U, Aydingöz O. Spontaneous rupture of the tibialis anterior tendon in a patient with psoriasis. Clin Imaging 2002; 26 (03) 209-211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Jerome JTJ, Varghese M, Sankaran B, Thomas S, Thirumagal SK. Tibialis anterior tendon rupture in gout—case report and literature review. Foot Ankle Surg 2008; 14 (03) 166-169
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Sammarco VJ, Sammarco GJ, Henning C, Chaim S. Surgical repair of acute and chronic tibialis anterior tendon ruptures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91 (02) 325-332
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Johansen JK, Jordan M, Thomas M, Walther M, Simatira AM, Waizy H. Surgical treatment of tibialis anterior tendon rupture. Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 27 (05) 515-520
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar