Open Access
CC BY 4.0 · Arch Plast Surg 2023; 50(05): 468-477
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771522
Pediatric/Craniomaxillofacial/Head & Neck
Original Article

Myanmar Articulation, Resonation, Nasal Emission, and Nasal Turbulence Test: A Preliminary Study

Kalyanee Makarabhirom 
1   Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
,
Benjamas Prathanee 
2   Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
,
Ampika Rattanapitak 
3   Eastern Languages Department, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Abstract

Background This article describes the development of the Myanmar Articulation, Resonation, Nasal Emission, and Nasal Turbulence test for children with cleft lip and palate (CLP), and evaluation of its validity and reliability.

Methods It was created by three Thai researchers and a Burmese research assistant based on Burmese phonology. The content validity was evaluated by six Burmese language experts. All test items were divided into three groups: high-pressure oral consonants, low-pressure oral consonants, and nasal consonants.

Results All items (58-word and 32-phrase/sentence) gave an excellent level of the expert agreement (item-level content validity indexes = 1.00). The target items were illustrated as color pictures. Each picture was clearly drawn and easy to identify. As a pilot study of face validity, all pictures were administered to 10 typical-developing children. The actual testing was assessed by 10 CLP children, and the developed test was analyzed through consultation of the Burmese teachers and interpreters from a speech camp. Testing scores for a total including three groups of target items were shown acceptable for internal consistency reliability (ranged from 0.4 to 0.88).

Conclusion The constructed test is valid in terms of its content.

Keywords

speech disorders - Burmese - cleft palate

Authors Contributions

K.M. edited proposal, collected data, and prepared the first manuscript; A.R. reviewed proposal, collected data, and reviewed manuscript; B.P. wrote the first proposal, data collection and edit manuscript.


Ethical Approval

Khon Kaen University Ethical Committee approved the protocol (identifier: HE601372) on November 9, 2017.


Patient Consent

Patient Consent was not required for this study.




Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 18. Oktober 2022

Angenommen: 15. Juni 2023

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
05. Oktober 2023

© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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