Download PDF
Semin Neurol 2024; 44(01): 074-089
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777423
Review Article

Headache Management in Individuals with Brain Tumor

Authors

  • Ami Cuneo

    1   Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

  • Natalia Murinova

    1   Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Further Information
  Permissions and Reprints
Preview

Corrected by:

Corrigendum: Headache Management in Individuals with Brain TumorSemin Neurol 2024; 44(01): e1-e1
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1806867

Abstract

Headache occurs commonly in individuals diagnosed with cerebral neoplasm. Though the features of a brain tumor-associated headache may vary, a progressive nature of headache and a change in headache phenotype from a prior primary headache disorder often are identified. Pathophysiologic mechanisms proposed for headache associated with brain tumor include headache related to traction on pain-sensitive structures, activation of central and peripheral pain processes, and complications from surgical, chemotherapeutic and/or radiotherapy treatment(s). Optimization of headache management is important for an individual's quality of life. Treatments are based upon patient-specific goals of care and may include tumor-targeted medical and surgical interventions, as well as a multimodal headache treatment approach incorporating acute and preventive medications, nutraceuticals, neuromodulation devices, behavioral interventions, anesthetic nerve blocks, and lifestyles changes.

Keywords

headache - brain tumor - headache treatment


Publication History

Article published online:
06 January 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Schroll M, Olesen J. Epidemiology of headache in a general population – a prevalence study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44 (11) 1147-1157
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 2 Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1-211. doi: 10.1177/0333102417738202
  • 3 Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Steiner TJ, Silberstein SD, Olesen J. Classification of primary headaches. Neurology 2004; 63 (03) 427-435
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 4 Kurth T, Buring JE, Rist PM. Headache, migraine and risk of brain tumors in women: prospective cohort study. J Headache Pain 2015; 16 (01) 501
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 5 Ostrom QT, Price M, Neff C. et al. CBTRUS Statistical Report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2015-2019. Neuro-oncol 2022; 24 (Suppl. 05) v1-v95
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 6 Martínez Barbero JP, Láinez Ramos-Bossini AJ, Rivera-Izquierdo M, Sendra-Portero F, Benítez-Sánchez JM, Cervilla JA. Prevalence and risk factors associated with tumors and other structural anomalies in brain MRI performed to rule out secondary headache: a multicenter observational study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19 (06) 3521
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 7 McFaline-Figueroa JR, Lee EQ. Brain tumors. Am J Med 2018; 131 (08) 874-882
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 8 Davis FG, Dolecek TA, McCarthy BJ, Villano JL. Toward determining the lifetime occurrence of metastatic brain tumors estimated from 2007 United States cancer incidence data. Neuro-oncol 2012; 14 (09) 1171-1177
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 9 Nelson S, Taylor LP. Headaches in brain tumor patients: primary or secondary?. Headache 2014; 54 (04) 776-785
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 10 Schankin CJ, Ferrari U, Reinisch VM, Birnbaum T, Goldbrunner R, Straube A. Characteristics of brain tumour-associated headache. Cephalalgia 2007; 27 (08) 904-911
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 11 Kirby S, Purdy RA. Headaches and brain tumors. Neurol Clin 2014; 32 (02) 423-432
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 12 Abrams BM. Medication overuse headaches. Med Clin North Am 2013; 97 (02) 337-352
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 13 Palmieri A, Valentinis L, Zanchin G. Update on headache and brain tumors. Cephalalgia 2021; 41 (04) 431-437
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 14 Forsyth PA, Posner JB. Headaches in patients with brain tumors: a study of 111 patients. Neurology 1993; 43 (09) 1678-1683
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 15 Valentinis L, Tuniz F, Valent F. et al. Headache attributed to intracranial tumours: a prospective cohort study. Cephalalgia 2010; 30 (04) 389-398
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 16 Pfund Z, Szapáry L, Jászberényi O, Nagy F, Czopf J. Headache in intracranial tumors. Cephalalgia 1999; 19 (09) 787-790 , discussion 765
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 17 Taylor LP. Mechanism of brain tumor headache. Headache 2014; 54 (04) 772-775
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 18 Gee JR, Ishaq Y, Vijayan N. Postcraniotomy headache. Headache 2003; 43 (03) 276-278
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 19 Stec NE, Walbert T. Neuro-oncology and supportive care: the role of the neurologist. Neurol Sci 2022; 43 (02) 939-950
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 20 Edvardsson B. Symptomatic cluster headache: a review of 63 cases. Springerplus 2014; 3 (01) 64
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 21 Bosco D, Belfiore A, Fava A. et al. Relationship between high prolactin levels and migraine attacks in patients with microprolactinoma. J Headache Pain 2008; 9 (02) 103-107
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 22 Hadidchi S, Surento W, Lerner A. et al. Headache and brain tumor. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2019; 29 (02) 291-300
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 23 Suwanwela N, Phanthumchinda K, Kaoropthum S. Headache in brain tumor: a cross-sectional study. Headache 1994; 34 (07) 435-438
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 24 Loghin M, Levin VA. Headache related to brain tumors. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2006; 8 (01) 21-32
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 25 Chou DE. Secondary headache syndromes. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018; 24 ( 4, Headache) 1179-1191
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 26 Boiardi A, Salmaggi A, Eoli M, Lamperti E, Silvani A. Headache in brain tumours: a symptom to reappraise critically. Neurol Sci 2004; 25 (Suppl. 03) S143-S147
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 27 Clarke CE, Edwards J, Nicholl DJ, Sivaguru A. Imaging results in a consecutive series of 530 new patients in the Birmingham Headache Service. J Neurol 2010; 257 (08) 1274-1278
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 28 Mezzacappa FM, Thorell W. Neuronal Brain Tumors. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2022. . Accessed January 22, 2023 at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576406/
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 29 Do TP, Remmers A, Schytz HW. et al. Red and orange flags for secondary headaches in clinical practice: SNNOOP10 list. Neurology 2019; 92 (03) 134-144
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 30 Behin A, Hoang-Xuan K, Carpentier AF, Delattre JY. Primary brain tumours in adults. Lancet 2003; 361 (9354) 323-331
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 31 Eller M, Goadsby PJ. MRI in headache. Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 13 (03) 263-273
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 32 Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Tanghe HL. et al. Incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population. N Engl J Med 2007; 357 (18) 1821-1828
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 33 Doherty CM, Forbes RB. Diagnostic lumbar puncture. Ulster Med J 2014; 83 (02) 93-102
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 34 Jordan JE, Ramirez GF, Bradley WG, Chen DY, Lightfoote JB, Song A. Economic and outcomes assessment of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of headache. J Natl Med Assoc 2000; 92 (12) 573-578
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 35 de Coo IF, Wilbrink LA, Haan J. Symptomatic trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2015; 19 (08) 39
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 36 Cittadini E, Matharu MS. Symptomatic trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Neurologist 2009; 15 (06) 305-312
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 37 De Pue A, Lutin B, Paemeleire K. Chronic cluster headache and the pituitary gland. J Headache Pain 2016; 17 (01) 23
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 38 Mitsikostas DD, Ashina M, Craven A. et al; EHF Committee. European Headache Federation consensus on technical investigation for primary headache disorders. J Headache Pain 2015; 17 (01) 5
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 39 Burish M. Cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018; 24 (4, Headache): 1137-1156
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 40 Williams M, Bazina R, Tan L, Rice H, Broadley SA. Microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve in the treatment of SUNCT and SUNA. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81 (09) 992-996
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 41 Ray BS. Experimental studies on headache: pain-sensitive structures of the head and their significance in headache. Arch Surg 1940; 41 (04) 813
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 42 Obermann M, Holle D, Naegel S, Diener HC. Headache attributable to nonvascular intracranial disorders. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2011; 15 (04) 314-323
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 43 Kunkle EC, Ray BS, Wolff HG. Studies on headache: the mechanisms and significance of the headache associated with brain tumor. Bull N Y Acad Med 1942; 18 (06) 400-422
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 44 Goffaux P, Fortin D. Brain tumor headaches: from bedside to bench. Neurosurgery 2010; 67 (02) 459-466
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 45 Kahn K, Finkel A. It IS a tumor – current review of headache and brain tumor. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2014; 18 (06) 421
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 46 Bello C, Andereggen L, Luedi MM, Beilstein CM. Postcraniotomy headache: etiologies and treatments. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2022; 26 (05) 357-364
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 47 Levy MJ, Matharu M, Goadsby PJ. Chronic headache and pituitary tumors. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2008; 12 (01) 74-78
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 48 Giglio P, Gilbert MR. Neurologic complications of cancer and its treatment. Curr Oncol Rep 2010; 12 (01) 50-59
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 49 Newton HB. Neurological complications of chemotherapy to the central nervous system. Handb Clin Neurol 2012; 105: 903-916
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 50 Cavaliere R, Schiff D. Neurologic toxicities of cancer therapies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2006; 6 (03) 218-226
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 51 Perkins A, Liu G. Primary brain tumors in adults: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2016; 93 (03) 211-217
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 52 Jha SK. Cerebral edema and its management. Med J Armed Forces India 2003; 59 (04) 326-331
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 53 Vecht CJ, Hovestadt A, Verbiest HBC, van Vliet JJ, van Putten WLJ. Dose-effect relationship of dexamethasone on Karnofsky performance in metastatic brain tumors: a randomized study of doses of 4, 8, and 16 mg per day. Neurology 1994; 44 (04) 675-680
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 54 Wong TT, Liang ML, Chen HH, Chang FC. Hydrocephalus with brain tumors in children. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27 (10) 1723-1734
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 55 Khan F, Rehman A, Shamim MS, Bari ME. Factors affecting ventriculoperitoneal shunt survival in adult patients. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6 (01) 25
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 56 Hosainey SAM, Hald JK, Meling TR. Risk of early failure of VP shunts implanted for hydrocephalus after craniotomies for brain tumors in adults. Neurosurg Rev 2022; 45 (01) 479-490
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 57 Walbert T, Khan M. End-of-life symptoms and care in patients with primary malignant brain tumors: a systematic literature review. J Neurooncol 2014; 117 (02) 217-224
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 58 Scotton WJ, Botfield HF, Westgate CS. et al. Topiramate is more effective than acetazolamide at lowering intracranial pressure. Cephalalgia 2019; 39 (02) 209-218
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 59 Ravn Munkvold BK, Sagberg LM, Jakola AS, Solheim O. Preoperative and postoperative headache in patients with intracranial tumors. World Neurosurg 2018; 115: e322-e330
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 60 Rocha-Filho PAS. Post-craniotomy headache: a clinical view with a focus on the persistent form. Headache 2015; 55 (05) 733-738
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 61 de Gray LC, Matta BF. Acute and chronic pain following craniotomy: a review. Anaesthesia 2005; 60 (07) 693-704
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 62 Haldar R, Kaushal A, Gupta D, Srivastava S, Singh PK. Pain following craniotomy: reassessment of the available options. BioMed Res Int 2015; 2015: 509164
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 63 De Benedittis G, Lorenzetti A, Migliore M, Spagnoli D, Tiberio F, Villani RM. Postoperative pain in neurosurgery: a pilot study in brain surgery. Neurosurgery 1996; 38 (03) 466-469 , discussion 469–470
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 64 Nguyen A, Girard F, Boudreault D. et al. Scalp nerve blocks decrease the severity of pain after craniotomy. Anesth Analg 2001; 93 (05) 1272-1276
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 65 Lutman B, Bloom J, Nussenblatt B, Romo V. A contemporary perspective on the management of post-craniotomy headache and pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2018; 22 (10) 69
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 66 Ryzenman JM, Pensak ML, Tew Jr JM. Headache: a quality of life analysis in a cohort of 1,657 patients undergoing acoustic neuroma surgery, results from the acoustic neuroma association. Laryngoscope 2005; 115 (04) 703-711
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 67 Narita Y. Drug review: safety and efficacy of bevacizumab for glioblastoma and other brain tumors. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2013; 43 (06) 587-595
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 68 Wong J, Hird A, Zhang L. et al. Symptoms and quality of life in cancer patients with brain metastases following palliative radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 75 (04) 1125-1131
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 69 Molnár L, Simon É, Nemes R, Fülesdi B, Molnár C. Postcraniotomy headache. J Anesth 2014; 28 (01) 102-111
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 70 Patel KS, Laiwalla AN, DiCesare JAT, Garrett MC, Wang AC. Subcutaneous sumatriptan: association with decreases in postoperative pain and opioid use after elective cranial surgery. J Neurosurg 2020;
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 71 Venkatraghavan L, Li L, Bailey T, Manninen PH, Tymianski M. Sumatriptan improves postoperative quality of recovery and reduces postcraniotomy headache after cranial nerve decompression. Br J Anaesth 2016; 117 (01) 73-79
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 72 Guilfoyle MR, Helmy A, Duane D, Hutchinson PJA. Regional scalp block for postcraniotomy analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2013; 116 (05) 1093-1102
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 73 Türe H, Sayin M, Karlikaya G, Bingol CA, Aykac B, Türe U. The analgesic effect of gabapentin as a prophylactic anticonvulsant drug on postcraniotomy pain: a prospective randomized study. Anesth Analg 2009; 109 (05) 1625-1631
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 74 Cheung V, Amoozegar F, Dilli E. Medication overuse headache. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2015; 15 (01) 509
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 75 Tepper SJ. Medication-overuse headache. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2012; 18 (04) 807-822
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 76 Evers S, Marziniak M. Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment of medication-overuse headache. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9 (04) 391-401
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 77 Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Excessive acute migraine medication use and migraine progression. Neurology 2008; 71 (22) 1821-1828
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 78 Johnson JL, Hutchinson MR, Williams DB, Rolan P. Medication-overuse headache and opioid-induced hyperalgesia: a review of mechanisms, a neuroimmune hypothesis and a novel approach to treatment. Cephalalgia 2013; 33 (01) 52-64
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 79 Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population-based study. Headache 2008; 48 (08) 1157-1168
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 80 Saengjaroentham C, Strother LC, Dripps I. et al. Differential medication overuse risk of novel anti-migraine therapeutics. Brain 2020; 143 (09) 2681-2688
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 81 Croop R, Madonia J, Stock DA. et al. Zavegepant nasal spray for the acute treatment of migraine: a Phase 2/3 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Headache 2022; 62 (09) 1153-1163
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 82 Mathew PG, Klein BC. Getting to the heart of the matter: migraine, triptans, DHE, ditans, CGRP antibodies, first/second-generation gepants, and cardiovascular risk. Headache 2019; 59 (08) 1421-1426
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 83 Robbins MS. Diagnosis and management of headache: a review. JAMA 2021; 325 (18) 1874-1885
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 84 Di Fiore P, Galli A, D'Arrigo G. et al. Transcutaneous supraorbital neurostimulation for acute treatment of chronic migraine: open-label preliminary data. Neurol Sci 2018; 39 (Suppl. 01) 163-164
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 85 Urits I, Schwartz R, Smoots D. et al. Peripheral neuromodulation for the management of headache. Anesth Pain Med 2020; 10 (06) e110515
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 86 Schankin CJ, Gall C, Straube A. Headache syndromes after acoustic neuroma surgery and their implications for quality of life. Cephalalgia 2009; 29 (07) 760-771
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 87 Kamins J, Charles A. Posttraumatic headache: basic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Headache 2018; 58 (06) 811-826
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 88 Ailani J, Burch RC, Robbins MS. Board of Directors of the American Headache Society. The American Headache Society Consensus Statement: update on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice. Headache 2021; 61 (07) 1021-1039
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 89 Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Diamond M, Freitag F, Reed ML, Stewart WF. AMPP Advisory Group. Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy. Neurology 2007; 68 (05) 343-349
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 90 Ozyalcin SN, Talu GK, Kiziltan E, Yucel B, Ertas M, Disci R. The efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 2005; 45 (02) 144-152
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 91 Burch R. Antidepressants for preventive treatment of migraine. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2019; 21 (04) 18
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 92 Zissis NP, Harmoussi S, Vlaikidis N. et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of venlafaxine XR in out-patients with tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 2007; 27 (04) 315-324
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 93 Walbert T, Stec NE. Palliative care in brain tumors. Handb Clin Neurol 2023; 191: 69-80
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 94 Jackson JL, Mancuso JM, Nickoloff S, Bernstein R, Kay C. Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants for the prevention of frequent episodic or chronic tension-type headache in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2017; 32 (12) 1351-1358
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 95 Pringsheim T, Davenport WJ, Becker WJ. Prophylaxis of migraine headache. CMAJ 2010; 182 (07) E269-E276
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 96 Mathew NT, Rapoport A, Saper J, Magnus L, Klapper J, Ramadan N, Stacey B, Tepper S. Efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 2001; Feb 2; 41 (02) 119-128
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 97 Di Trapani G, Mei D, Marra C, Mazza S, Capuano A. Gabapentin in the prophylaxis of migraine: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Clin Ter 2000; 151 (03) 145-148
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 98 Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, McCrory DC. Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013 (06) CD010609
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 99 Spira PJ, Beran RG. Australian Gabapentin Chronic Daily Headache Group. Gabapentin in the prophylaxis of chronic daily headache: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 2003; 61 (12) 1753-1759
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 100 Zhang J, Ho KY, Wang Y. Efficacy of pregabalin in acute postoperative pain: a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106 (04) 454-462
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 101 Silberstein SD, Neto W, Schmitt J, Jacobs D. MIGR-001 Study Group. Topiramate in migraine prevention: results of a large controlled trial. Arch Neurol 2004; 61 (04) 490-495
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 102 Lampl C, Marecek S, May A, Bendtsen L. A prospective, open-label, long-term study of the efficacy and tolerability of topiramate in the prophylaxis of chronic tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 2006; 26 (10) 1203-1208
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 103 Charles A, Flippen C, Romero Reyes M, Brennan KC. Memantine for prevention of migraine: a retrospective study of 60 cases. J Headache Pain 2007; 8 (04) 248-250
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 104 Mistry VM, Morizio PL, Pepin MJ, Bryan WE, Brown JN. Role of memantine in the prophylactic treatment of episodic migraine: a systematic review. Headache 2021; 61 (08) 1207-1213
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 105 Lindelof K, Bendtsen L. Memantine for prophylaxis of chronic tension-type headache – a double-blind, randomized, crossover clinical trial. Cephalalgia 2009; 29 (03) 314-321
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 106 Noruzzadeh R, Modabbernia A, Aghamollaii V. et al. Memantine for prophylactic treatment of migraine without aura: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Headache 2016; 56 (01) 95-103
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 107 Brown PD, Pugh S, Laack NN. et al; Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG). Memantine for the prevention of cognitive dysfunction in patients receiving whole-brain radiotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neuro-oncol 2013; 15 (10) 1429-1437
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 108 Majima M, Ito Y, Hosono K, Amano H. CGRP/CGRP receptor antibodies: Potential adverse effects due to blockade of neovascularization?. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40 (01) 11-21
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 109 Borkum JM. CGRP and brain functioning: cautions for migraine treatment. Headache 2019; 59 (08) 1339-1357
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 110 Lv X, Chen Q, Zhang S, Gao F, Liu Q. CGRP: a new endogenous cell stemness maintenance molecule. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022; 2022: 4107433
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 111 Potters JW, Klimek M. Local anesthetics for brain tumor resection: current perspectives. Local Reg Anesth 2018; 11: 1-8
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 112 Dodick DW, Turkel CC, DeGryse RE. et al; PREEMPT Chronic Migraine Study Group. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: pooled results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phases of the PREEMPT clinical program. Headache 2010; 50 (06) 921-936
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 113 Ranoux D, Martiné G, Espagne G, Salle H, Caire F. Delayed-onset post-craniotomy headache responsive to botulinum toxin A: a case series. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017; 159 (08) 1375-1378
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 114 MacKenzie HM, Teasell R, Miller TA, Sequeira K. Peri-incisional botulinum toxin for chronic postcraniotomy headache after traumatic brain injury: a case series. PM R 2015; 7 (07) 785-788
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 115 Thompson DF, Saluja HS. Prophylaxis of migraine headaches with riboflavin: a systematic review. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017; 42 (04) 394-403
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 116 Rajapakse T, Pringsheim T. Nutraceuticals in migraine: a summary of existing guidelines for use. Headache 2016; 56 (04) 808-816
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 117 Dolati S, Rikhtegar R, Mehdizadeh A, Yousefi M. The role of magnesium in pathophysiology and migraine treatment. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196 (02) 375-383
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 118 Lodi R, Iotti S, Cortelli P. et al. Deficient energy metabolism is associated with low free magnesium in the brains of patients with migraine and cluster headache. Brain Res Bull 2001; 54 (04) 437-441
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 119 Peikert A, Wilimzig C, Köhne-Volland R. Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: results from a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled and double-blind randomized study. Cephalalgia 1996; 16 (04) 257-263
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 120 Teigen L, Boes CJ. An evidence-based review of oral magnesium supplementation in the preventive treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 2015; 35 (10) 912-922
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 121 Wells RE, Beuthin J, Granetzke L. Complementary and integrative medicine for episodic migraine: an update of evidence from the last 3 years. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019; 23 (02) 10
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 122 Halker Singh RB, Ailani J, Robbins MS. Neuromodulation for the acute and preventive therapy of migraine and cluster headache. Headache 2019; 59 (Suppl. 02) 33-49
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 123 Silberstein SD. Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2000; 55 (06) 754-762
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 124 Penzien DB, Rains JC, Andrasik F. Behavioral management of recurrent headache: three decades of experience and empiricism. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2002; 27 (02) 163-181
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 125 Paul HA. Biofeedback: A Practitioner's Guide. , edited by M. Schwartz & F. Andrasik: 2016. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; , xx+ 764 pp., 115.00(hardcover), 60.00 (paperback).
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 126 Agbetou M, Adoukonou T. Lifestyle modifications for migraine management. Front Neurol 2022; 13: 719467
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 127 Gaul C, van Doorn C, Webering N. et al. Clinical outcome of a headache-specific multidisciplinary treatment program and adherence to treatment recommendations in a tertiary headache center: an observational study. J Headache Pain 2011; 12 (04) 475-483
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 128 D'Angelo C, Mirijello A, Leggio L. et al. State and trait anxiety and depression in patients with primary brain tumors before and after surgery: 1-year longitudinal study. J Neurosurg 2008; 108 (02) 281-286
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 129 Lipton RB, Seng EK, Chu MK. et al. The effect of psychiatric comorbidities on headache-related disability in migraine: results from the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) Study. Headache 2020; 60 (08) 1683-1696
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 130 Schwedt TJ. Thunderclap headache. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2015; 21 (4 Headache): 1058-1071
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 131 Blumenfeld A, Silberstein SD, Dodick DW, Aurora SK, Turkel CC, Binder WJ. Method of injection of onabotulinumtoxinA for chronic migraine: a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment paradigm based on the PREEMPT clinical program. Headache 2010; 50 (09) 1406-1418
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 132 Pizzolato R, Villani V, Prosperini L, Ciuffoli A, Sette G. Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin as preventive treatment for migraine: a 3-month follow-up study. J Headache Pain 2011; 12 (05) 521-525
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 133 Calandre EP, Garcia-Leiva JM, Rico-Villademoros F, Vilchez JS, Rodriguez-Lopez CM. Pregabalin in the treatment of chronic migraine: an open-label study. Clin Neuropharmacol 2010; 33 (01) 35-39
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 134 Rizzato B, Leone G, Misaggi G, Zivi I, Diomedi M. Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin versus topiramate in the prophylaxis of chronic daily headache with analgesic overuse: an open-label prospective study. Clin Neuropharmacol 2011; 34 (02) 74-78
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 135 Goadsby PJ, Dodick DW, Ailani J. et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered atogepant for the prevention of episodic migraine in adults: a double-blind, randomised phase 2b/3 trial. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19 (09) 727-737
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 136 Croop R, Lipton RB, Kudrow D. et al. Oral rimegepant for preventive treatment of migraine: a phase 2/3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2021; 397 (10268): 51-60
    Search in Google Scholar