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CC BY 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2025; 19(01): 214-219
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787005
Original Article

Establishing H Angle Hard Tissue and H Angle Soft Tissue Norms in Skeletal Class I Malay Adult Females and the Correlation between the H Angles and Visual Perception of Laypersons

Authors

  • Joo Ming Cheong 

    1   Department of Orthodontics, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

  • Nur Adlina A. Halim

    2   Dental Polyclinic, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

  • Norsyamimi Mohammad

    2   Dental Polyclinic, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

  • Mangaiyarkarasi Sivagnanam

    1   Department of Orthodontics, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

  • Mohamad Shafiq Mohd Ibrahim

    3   Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Funding This research was funded by Kulliyyah of Dentistry Postgraduate—CHAIN grant from International Islamic University Malaysia (CHAIN 22-003-0003).
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Abstract

Objectives This study aimed to establish the cephalometric norms of H angle soft tissue and H angle hard tissue of Malaysian Malay adult females, and to evaluate the correlation between H angles and visual perception in skeletal Class I Malay adult females.

Materials and Methods Eighty-five lateral cephalograms of skeletal Class I (mean ANB value = 3.15 ± 0.77) Malaysian Malay female patients aged 20 to 40 years (mean age = 28.6 ± 5.86 degrees) taken from October 2017 to December 2021 were measured for H angle soft tissue and H angle hard tissue. Twenty silhouettes were then converted from cephalometric films and were rated according to facial convexity/concavity by 20 laypersons, with re-evaluation after 2 weeks for intra- and interexaminer reliabilities.

Results The means of the H angle soft tissue and H angle hard tissue were 15.75 ± 4.16 degrees and 11.64 ± 4.71 degrees, respectively. The intraexaminer reliability test for visual perception ranged from −0.89 to 0.99 indicating poor to excellent reliability, whereas the interexaminer reliability test was 0.82 indicating good reliability. A highly statistically significant association between the H angle soft tissue and H angle hard tissue (r = 0.938; p < 0.01) was found. There was no correlation between H angles and visual perception.

Conclusion The cephalometric norms of H angle hard tissue and H angle soft tissue in the Malaysian Malay female population were established: 11.64 degrees (±4.71 degrees) and 15.75 degrees (±4.16 degrees), respectively. There was a strong correlation between H angle soft tissue and H angle hard tissue among skeletal Class I Malay adult females. There was no correlation between H angles and the visual perception of laypersons.

Keywords

orthodontics - visual perception - Holdaway - angle - esthetics

Ethical Approval Statement

Ethical approval was obtained from IIUM Research Ethics Committee (registration number: IREC 2022-015). All the procedures have been performed as per the ethical guidelines laid down by Declaration of Helsinki (2013).


Data Availability Statement

Authors can be contacted for raw data by e-mail.




Publication History

Article published online:
16 July 2024

© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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