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DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1791755
Alzheimer's disease: part 2 – the present
Doença de Alzheimer: parte 2 – o presente
Abstract
Based on my work as a clinical neurologist with more than 50 years of experience in caring for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), I focus, in this review article, on the disease's two fundamental aspects for the doctor: diagnosis and treatment. The 1984 diagnostic criteria had been stable for more than a quarter of a century when it was replaced in 2011. Since then, there have been many discoveries, especially of biomarkers that have a heavy impact on the diagnosis of AD. Recently, AD biomarkers have become available in plasma, which certainly will cause a major change in the diagnosis of biological AD, a term that still needs care and information to society before being used in clinical practice. Three monoclonal antibodies against β-amyloid peptide have also been recently approved, and two of these have shown a small but statistically significant effect on clinical outcome. These monoclonal antibodies have had a greater effect on the reduction of amyloid plaques in the brain assessed by positron emission tomography (PET), and on the concentration of biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (β-amyloid peptide with 42 amino acids and hyperphosphorylated tau protein) than in the neuropsychological and functional assessments. Even this small clinical effect will be encouraging for the development of new research, particularly helped by the greater ease of diagnosis and monitoring of the evolution of AD pathophysiology with plasma biomarkers. Recently, new diagnostic criteria for AD were presented by the Alzheimer's Association, causing controversy about their use in clinical practice.
Resumo
Com base na minha atividade de neurologista clínico com mais de 50 anos de experiência no atendimento de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA), foco neste artigo de revisão nos dois aspectos fundamentais da doença para o médico: o diagnóstico e o tratamento. Os critérios diagnósticos de 1984 permaneceram estáveis por mais de um quarto de século quando foram substituídos em 2011. Desde então, muitas descobertas foram feitas, especialmente de biomarcadores que têm grande impacto no diagnóstico da DA. Recentemente, biomarcadores de DA tornaram-se disponíveis no plasma, o que certamente causará uma grande mudança no diagnóstico da DA biológica, termo que ainda necessita de cuidados e informações para a sociedade antes de ser utilizado na prática clínica. Três anticorpos monoclonais contra o peptídeo β-amiloide também foram aprovados recentemente e dois deles mostraram efeito pequeno, mas estatisticamente significativo, no resultado clínico. Esses anticorpos monoclonais tiveram maior efeito na redução de placas amiloides no cérebro avaliadas por tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (positron emission tomography, PET, em inglês) e na concentração de biomarcadores no líquido cefalorraquidiano (peptídeo β-amiloide com 42 aminoácidos e proteína tau hiperfosforilada) do que nas avaliações neuropsicológicas e funcionais. Mesmo este pequeno efeito clínico poderá ser encorajador para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas, particularmente auxiliado pela maior facilidade de diagnóstico e monitoramento da evolução da fisiopatologia da DA com biomarcadores plasmáticos eficientes para diagnóstico ou controle evolutivo. Recentemente, novos critérios diagnósticos para a DA foram apresentados pela Alzheimer's Association causando controvérsia quanto ao seu emprego na prática clínica.
Keywords
Alzheimer Disease - Biomarkers - Cholinesterase Inhibitors - Memantine - Neuroimaging - Antibodies, MonoclonalPalavras-chave
Doença de Alzheimer - Biomarcadores - Inibidores da Colinesterase - Memantina - Neuroimagem - Anticorpos MonoclonaisPublication History
Received: 06 June 2024
Accepted: 16 September 2024
Article published online:
11 November 2024
© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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Ricardo Nitrini. Alzheimer's disease: part 2 – the present. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2024; 82: s00441791755.
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1791755
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