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CC BY 4.0 · Eur J Dent
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1809981
Original Article

Mechanical and Biological Properties of Nondecellularized Human Wharton's Jelly Matrix for Soft Tissue Graft Material: An In Vitro Study

Mefina Kuntjoro
1   Department of Prosthodontic, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Nike Hendrijantini
1   Department of Prosthodontic, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Eric Priyo Prasetyo 
2   Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Nurani Atikasari
1   Department of Prosthodontic, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Made Shintya Danaswari
1   Department of Prosthodontic, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
,
Guang Hong 
3   Division for Globalization Initiative, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Japan
› Institutsangaben
Funding This research is funded by Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, Universitas Airlangga (LPPM), Surabaya, Indonesia, under the scheme of Airlangga Research Fund 2024, International Research Collaboration Top #300 with Tohoku University (contract No. 411/UN3.LPPM/PT.01.03/2024 and Rector's decree No. 672/UN3/2024).
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Abstract

Objective

This study aims to determine the mechanical properties of hWJM through ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus tests, degradation, and porosity tests. Additionally, it evaluates the biological properties of hWJM by assessing growth factor secretion (fibroblast growth factor-2 [FGF-2] and vascular endothelial growth factor-A [VEGF-A]).

Materials and Methods

For the mechanical tests, two groups were analyzed: group 1 was tested in a wet condition and group 2 in a dry condition. Degradation tests were conducted using phosphate buffer saline (PBS), collagenase enzyme, and simulated body fluid (SBF). The porosity test was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). For the biological tests, two groups were analyzed: group 1 consisted of nondecellularized hWJM and group 2 of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. All the data were collected and analyzed statistically.

Results

The mean ± standard deviation of the UTS test for group 1 was 0.787 ± 0.356 MPa, while for group 2, it was 1.897 ± 0.582 MPa. The elastic modulus test results were 0.568 ± 0.206 MPa for group 1 and 6.354 ± 2.985 MPa for group 2. The result showed that PBS degradation was 22% on day 14 and 39% on day 28. The collagenase enzyme degraded 15% after 1 hour, 63% after 6 hours, and 74% after 24 hours. SBF degradation rates were 10.3% after 1 week, 10.5% after 2 weeks, 12.5% after 4 weeks, and 13.9% after 8 weeks. The porosity test results showed an average pore size of 66.95 μm. For the biological tests, no significant differences in FGF-2 and VEGF secretion were observed between groups, with the highest secretion in group 1 occurring on day 7.

Conclusion

Nondecellularized hWJM has been shown to meet the physical, mechanical, and biological criteria for soft tissue graft in dentistry.

Keywords

tissue engineering - regeneration - allograft - freeze drying - medicine

Ethical Approval

Prior to conducting the study, an ethical clearance certificate (No. 1303/HRECC.FODM/XII/2023) was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. The umbilical cord was collected from a cesarean delivery, with the donor providing written informed consent and authorized by the Medical Ethics Committee of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, under permit number 547/Panke.KKE/IX/2017. The umbilical cord donor underwent infectious disease screening, including tests for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV, TPHA, anti-CMV IgM, and anti-toxoplasma IgM, both six months prior to and immediately before the cesarean procedure, with all results being nonreactive.




Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
23. Juli 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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