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Open Access
CC BY 4.0 · Eur J Dent
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1812108
Original Article

Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) on PEEK Coating for Biomedical and Dental Applications

Authors

  • Muhammad Amber Fareed 

    1   Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
    2   Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

  • Khalil Ahmad 

    3   Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Abstract

Objective

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is widely recognized for its biocompatibility and mechanical stability, making it a promising coating material for dental implants. However, unmodified surfaces may lack optimal properties for osseointegration and antibacterial resistance. Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is an advanced technique for introducing controlled micro- and nanoscale surface features to enhance implant performance. This study aims to investigate the surface characteristics, antibacterial effect, and biocompatibility of DLIP-functionalized PEEK coatings electrophoretically deposited on 316L stainless steel (SS).

Materials and Methods

PEEK was deposited onto 316L SS substrates via electrophoretic deposition and subsequently functionalized using DLIP to create periodic surface patterns with spatial periods of 1, 1.5, and 2 µm. The modified surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, contact angle (wettability), and surface roughness measurements. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the turbidity method against Escherichia coli. Biocompatibility was evaluated via MG-63 osteoblast-like cell viability analysis.

Results

The DLIP-functionalized PEEK surface with a 1.5-µm spatial period exhibited the most favorable surface features, with a contact angle of 92 ± 1° and surface roughness of 2.04 ± 0.03 µm. This configuration significantly inhibited E. coli growth and achieved 80% cell viability, indicating enhanced antibacterial properties and biocompatibility.

Conclusion

DLIP is an effective technique for functionalizing PEEK coatings, improving key surface characteristics that support antibacterial activity and osteoblast cell compatibility. Among the tested configurations, a 1.5-µm spatial period yielded the most promising results.

Clinical Relevance

This study supports the application of DLIP-functionalized PEEK coatings for dental implants, offering a novel and translatable surface.

Keywords

electrophoretic deposition - dental implants - DLIP - antibacterial activity - E. coli - surface roughness

Authors' Contributions

Both authors (M.A.F. and K.H.) have made substantial contributions to all of the following: the conception and design of the study, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data (M.A.F. and K.H.), drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content (M.A.F. and K.H.), and final approval of the version to be submitted (M.A.F. and K.H.).


Declaration of GenAI Use

During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatPDF and Semantic Scholar AI-powered research tool to rephrase and understand the paper at a glance. After using these tools, the authors have reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.




Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
22. Oktober 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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